Islamic and Western Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islamic and Western Civilizations - Essay Example However, there is a section of the academic community that has opposed the clash theory from the start and continues to attack it as having proceeded on the wrong premise. This paper assessed the rationale and validity of Huntington's thesis and evaluated the logic of the arguments lined up by critics against it. The new world order seen by Huntington (1996) after the Cold War, in which the bloodiest clashes will occur between Islam and the West, is actually prefigured by events in early history that included the European forays of Islamic forces in Europe. Troops carrying the Islamic flag supposedly attacked the Ottoman Turks in Vienna and parts of Eastern Europe and conquered but were later repulsed from Iberia. In effect, there had always been an ideological conflict between Islam and Christianity, on which Western civilization is based, because of the universal belief that one's religion is always better than the others. For this reason, followers of one religion seek to convert others and this becomes the source of conflicts. Huntington in his book Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order indicated that through the years, as Western countries prospered and outpaced other regions that practice non-Christian religions, the concept of universalism acquired more than religious meaning in the West, which began to believe that all civilizations should adopt Western values. This is perceived to be the underlying reason behind the US invasion of Iraq and its continued presence in that Muslim country. This becomes a source of great resentment for Muslims, especially the Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined have led and would farther lead to bloody clashes between the Islamic and Western civilizations. Among the more recent expressions of such anti-Western resentment were 9/11, the Afghanistan-Iraq conflict, and the Israeli-Hizbollah-Lebanese wars in 2006. Fault Line Wars In Huntington's view, conflicts between different civilizations manifest itself in two forms - fault line conflicts and core state conflicts. Fault line conflicts are those that occur between neighboring states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civiliz

Reflection on Nursing Teamwork

Reflection on Nursing Teamwork Implementing an effective teamwork skill is essential in nursing. I would be reflecting on the dynamics of my own personal experience on Enquiry Based-Learning, an important element in my programme of study. Nurses are everywhere, working with different professionals to achieve a common outcome that leads toward a patients wellbeing. For this reasons, my course, in a way focused on enquiry based learning to develop important skills to empower student nurses while in the healthcare sector. Throughout this essay, I would be referring to Gibbs (1998) reflective model to explore how the group worked as well as focusing on my own contribution. Description I undertook a group activity section as part of my learning development which is defined as Enquiry Based Learning. A group composed of 5 members to work together as part of a team on a specific task. My group is to work on a case study working together as a group to produce a piece of PowerPoint presentation to present our findings.   Grounded on my understanding, I have identified a group as collective consisting of one or two people with a common interest whereas a group dynamic is a team of people acting interdependently with excellent communication skills, different knowledge and interact with each other regardless of shared responsibilities (George, 1985).   To this end, I would think of my enquiry based-learning group as a task -focused group, as each individual had a delegated task to carryout.   My enquiry based group was selected casually to work together and to share responsibilities individually which means to be able to produce this piece, we would need to communic ate frequently with each other by building a significant relationship with the members of the group. Feelings Initially I felt confident to be in a smaller group as this gives me the opportunity to communicate in an easy way. however, I got frightened and felt anxious about having to be in a group with people I do know have any kind of a friendly approach with.   Also, I got frightened because, I perceived the group as a task purposed group only. Nevertheless, according to Casey, A. (2011) Communication is central to human interaction. Without it, people cannot relate to those around them, make their needs and concerns known or make sense of what is happening to them.   to this end, with a smile in my face, I took the initiative to introduce myself and ask the members of my enquiry based learning their names. Tuchman (1965) underlined the importance of team development through four stages. However, forming is the first stage members of a team or group go through before moving unto the next phase.   This is an introductory stage where the group become adapted to each other. During the f orming stage, the team members including myself have been very nice to each other but at the same time there are unseen possible conflicts. Firstly, in the forming stage, we got selected randomly as a group to work together to achieve an outcome to meet a deadline. However, we started to get to know each other, to socialise, by becoming acquainted with each other while talking through the task. We all contributed in splitting the task in semi topics to obtain an outcome easily. Additionally, as a task focused group, we talked about the task and started to delegate each member a task to undergo. At this point, everyones opinion was valued, we discussed and planned on how to carry out our research and how to present it. Furthermore, in norming stage, we assessed the task as a group and set out the ground rules, boundaries and standards through communication and interaction (Tuchman, 1965). I was able to communicate interactively with the members of my enquiry based learning group and to convey my ideas. I also decided on which part of the argument I was interested in developing research into.   Additionally, everyone con veyed their ideas along with suggestions made by other members.   Consequently as, the group dynamic begins to lose its structure, conflicts emerge.   Which leads to the storming stage as stated by Tuchman (1965).   In this stage, though, there has not be any disagreements we decided to meet outside university to work together, because this is mainly task focused group, we all participated in a positive way.   Consequently, leading to the performing stage where we were able to achieve our goal (Tuchman, 1965). Evaluation Positively, even though in the norming stage we started to work connectedly and the team performance is elevated thus not as high performing. we all contributed our ideas, discussed about possible meetings, place and the frequency. However, as a member, I was able to establish harmonious relationships with the rest of the group. I wanted the work to be done properly so I maintained a positive relationship throughout the section.   I explored my given topic independently, making sure to keep the interaction between the group going then we met on few occasions to put the work together and to practice on how to present the work.   However, I didnt like the formation of the group because, even though we were good and very task focused, we did not have a specific role to adhere to. Everyone was doing everything and this was very disorganised. There was a point where we kept sending the working to the group and the members making changes independently whereas, as a supportive and inter active team, we could have meet  Ã‚   and discuss around any changes. The reason for this is because, even though we are really interactive wen we see each other, this, however, is different when we send messages around concerning or regarding the presentation. Members do not pay attention to messages.  Ã‚   Consequently as, the group dynamic begins to lose its structure, the group therefore struggles and dysfunctions as a group. This stage negatively impact on the whole process through a realisation that, we did not really have a lasting group dynamic as members started to create small groups within the group unintentionally because of obvious preferences. They are more interested in getting their work done based on been the best. Personally, when this happened, people stop communicating, message and purpose become unclarified. So, people do things wrongly on their own terms. Relating to this, the group still functions as a group but there is no interaction or relationship based-communication. Referring to the Mindtools document (Belbins reflective cycle), when a team is acting at its best, you will usually find that all the members has clear responsibilities.   Belbin (1993) said, Team role is a tendency to behaviour, contribution and interrelation with others. It is a pattern of behaviour that characterizes one persons behaviour in a team process. It is thus, vital to classify the roles members possess to improve the teams effectiveness. Teams having a balance of personality types perform better than those with duplicated personalities (Belbin,1993). Belbin came up with the roles of individual team members which states that every member is unique and possesses unique behaviour which might affect the performance of the activity. He also used self-perception inventory questionnaire in his research in order to identify team roles and he found nine different roles with unique characteristics. These inclusive; Following Belbins (1981) individual role in the team, the role that best describes me in the team was Implementers as I am mainly in charge of getting things done by elaborating in a systematic and an organized way on the teams ideas and approaches into reasonable actions and plans. Also, I played the role of Completer-Finisher as I am always anxious about deadlines and want to make sure the work is completed and done before then.   On my personal point of view, I would say our group was acting very close to a team but there is still distance from a high performing team and If I had to change something about it next time, I would ask the lecturers to change the members. Analysis Conclusion In conclusion, reflecting on this account, in a group or teamwork, all members are important. As stated in Tuchmans (1965) reflective model it is important that individuals are delegated a task within in the group to focus on. However, firstly, there was no leadership, according the Kings Fund (2015) leadership is a tool to a successful and effective group task. For this reason, there was no formality of order in the group. Everyone was doing everything not sticking to the group dynamics. Secondly, though we were communicating and focusing on the task yet we were somehow disorganised and initial standards was not well observed.   Thirdly, our communication was a task-focused on not based on interrelations because, as soon as we depart from each other there is no more communication Bach (2015). If I have been given the opportunity next time, I would have recommended that the group delegate a leader to oversee the project only this way, would things be well organised and encourage mo re group meeting and to pay attention to messages thus giving a feedback and discussing it as a group. Action plan To encourage the participation and collaboration as a group, I will empower the group to elect a leader who can oversee managing affairs of the group. I would also encourage members to participate in providing feedbacks to any message that is communicate in other to understand what changes might occur. References: Bach, s. (2009) communication and interpersonal skills :Learning Matters LTD   available at http://sgh.org.sa/Portals/0/Articles/Communication%20and%20Interpersonal%20Skills%20for%20Nurses.pdf (19/02/17) Belbin, M. (1993) : Team roles: Mindtools available at mindtools.com/Belbin team roles Casey, A. (2011) Effective communication: Principle of Nursing Practice E: RCN :v 25 (32) available at https://www2.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/380795/Nursing_Standard_Principle_E_April11_563KB.pdf (accessed 19/02/17). George, N. (1985). Importance of teamwork at work. Availablie at http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-teamwork-work-11196.html Gibbs (1998): Reflective cycle : available at mindtools.com/gibbs reflective cycle Maggs, D. (2015) The Kings Fund: Leadership and Leadership Development: London available at https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/leadership-leadership-development-health-care-feb-2015.pdf (accessed 19/02/17).

Comparing Amish and North American Society Essay examples -- Compariso

Comparing Amish and North American Society We can compare Amish society as seen in the movie Witness to North American society to decide which is more ideal. An ideal society is one where there is a strong sense of community among all the members. Education prepares children for life; therefore the type of education a child receives will change the society in the next generation. Although education is valued in both societies, its focus is much different. The Laws of a society reflect the values of a community, and it shows what they consider to be right and wrong. Each society has laws that reflect its values; however the way the laws are expressed is much different. Family life in a society is important, because families bring the community together. Though children are valued in both the societies, family life is different between the two when comparing the roles of the husband and the wife. The Amish lifestyle is more ideal because there is a better sense of community within the society. Education in both societies is recognized as important. We see this in both societies because of the mandatory education laws. However, the focus of the education in each society is different. In North American society the focus of education is quite broad; to graduate highschool a person must have language, physical education, science, english and arts credits. Also, it is mandatory to attend school until grade 10. In Amish society however, school is only required up to grade 8. The...

Food Dye Lab Essay

Abstract: The purpose of this lab was to determine the food dyes present in a selected beverage, their concentration, and then replicate the solution within a 20% margin of error. The beverage we chose was Gatorade Frost Riptide Rush. A spectrometer was used to determine which food dyes were present in the sampled beverage, red 40 and blue 1 were determined to be present. The next step was to determine the concentration of the dyes, this was done by testing the absorbance of the red 40 and blue 1 dyes at varying concentrations; 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%. The results for each dye were then plotted in a graph and a trendline was added. The slopes of the trendlines (y=mx) for red 40 and blue 1 were then used to determine the concentrations, which were found to be 15.34% (0.0000138 mol/L) and 14.12% (0.0000028 mol/L) respectively. To replicate the color of the original beverage a 100mL solution was designed, containing 15.34mL red 40, 14.12mL blue 1, and 70.54mL deionized (DI) water. Introduction: This lab was divided into three sections; identifying which dyes are present, determining the concentration of those dyes, and finally to recreate the solution within a 20% margin of error. To identify the dyes present a sample of the beverage was tested in a spectrometer, the highest absorption rates were found to be at 503.7 nm (A=0.281) and 630.7 nm (A=0.270). This lead to the conclusion that the beverage contained red 40 and blue 1. To determine the concentration of the dyes a series of dilutions was prepared for both dyes and tested with the spectrometer. This data was converted into point graphs and a trendline was established. The slope of the trendline (y=mx) was then multiplied by the Absorbance of the associated dye to find the concentration. The final goal was to replicate the beverage using the data gathered. To accomplish this a solution was designed consisting of 15.34% red 40 and 14.12% blue 1. Experimental Procedure: To complete the experiment a variety of materials and equipment was required. The spectrometer tests required a computer with Logger Pro software, samples of Gatorade Frost Riptide Rush as well as red 40 and blue 1 dyes, DI water, a spectrometer, cuvettes. In order to prepare the dilutions and replicated solution 10mL & 100mL graduated cylinders, various beakers, a 200mL erlenmeyer flask, and a glass stirring rod. To identify the dyes present in the Gatorade, a test was performed with the spectrometer. The first step was to set-up the spectrometer and calibrate it using a sample of pure DI water. Following this a cuvette was partially filled with a sample of Gatorade and inserted into the spectrometer to be tested. The points of highest absorption were determined to indicate the presence of red and blue dyes. The initial step to determine the concentration of the dyes previously found was to prepare a set of serial dilutions at 20%/40%/60%/80%/100% dye concentration. To prepare the 20% dilution 1mL of red 40/blue 1 was combined with 4mL of DI water. This method was used to produce the remaining dilutions with 2mL/3mL, 3mL/2mL, 4mL/1mL, and 5mL/0mL (mL dye / mL DI water). Each of the previous dilutions was tested in the spectrometer and data was recorded. Using the data obtained two Beer Law plots were plotted for both dyes and trendlines were added. The slope of the trendline was found and used to calculate the actual (mol/L) and percent concentrations of red 40 and blue 1 in the selected Gatorade. In order to replicate the color of the Gatorade, a 100mL solution consisting of red 40, blue 1, and DI water. This was accomplished by combining 15.34mL red 40, 14.12mL blue 1, and 70.54mL DI water in a 200mL erlenmeyer flask. A sample of this solution was then transferred into a cuvette to be tested in the spectrometer. The solution was tested alongside the data from the Gatorade sample, and the margin of error was calculated to conclude how similar the two solutions were.

Avi’s Crispin: The Cross of Lead Essay

The story basically takes place in the era of the fourteenth century wherein half the world has prudently changed it such delight as movements have started to unfold the belligerent realm of the country. â€Å"Crispin is somebody who thinks of himself as nothing, and in the course of the book, comes to think of himself as something. † This is what Avi says of his latest fictional hero, Crispin, a 13-year-old in 14th-century England who’s running for his life. Here’s a quick glimpse at this exciting adventure story. Once master and apprentice arrive in Great Wexly for the Midsummer’s Day festivities and some seditious intrigue on Bear’s part, Avi slows down and offers both the reader and Crispin a chance to look around, but things speed up again with the reappearance of the steward and pursuit through the streets of the medieval city. The story commences with a funeral, that of a community recluse whose precedent is wearing a veil in vagueness and whose minor lad is recognized merely as â€Å"Asta’s son. † Stuck in sorrow for his protector, the boy discovers his moniker, Crispin, commencing from the rural community cleric, even though his apparently dead father’s personality and identification for that matter remains unclear. The words imprinted on his mother’s precious ‘lead cross’ may endow with some sign, but the priest is murdered before he can enlighten him with the illiterate lead. Worse, Crispin is alleged over the murder by the manor warden, hence naming him as a â€Å"wolf’s head† (wanted dead or alive), but then again, it is subliminally preferably dead. Crispin leaves the twon who hated him for no valid reason, and became a traveling performer. The cause for the steward’s enmity is finally revealed–Crispin is the illegitimate son of the local lord, who recently died without an heir–but the expected ending gets a surprise twist when Crispin trades this birthright for Bear’s safety. From Crispin’s initial religious dependence and inability to meet others’ eyes to his eventual choice of his own path and freedom, the theme of self-determination is carried lightly, giving this quick, easily digested thriller just the right amount of heft. Indeed, it offers a whole new dimension of prose in the modern day readers. Reference: Avi. (2004). Crispin: The Cross of Lead. New York: Hyperion.

Speech for New Employee Essay Example

Speech for New Employee Essay Example Speech for New Employee Paper Speech for New Employee Paper New Employee Speech Good morning ladies and gentlemen, my name is Allen the training manager of this company. It is an honor and privilege for me to be here today and would like to welcome all of you to our company Centurion Malaysia Sad . Bad. Before we start let me tell you a little about myself including my background and the company philosophy. Im single and live In Bountiful , beside my work, I enjoy playing fatal, mountain billing and traveling. I start working here on 1st January 2009 until now. This company philosophy is based on three principle that Id like to share with you. First is, challenge on the world stage. We will continue the challenge to seek success in the global market. Secondly, contribution to society and the environment. We will sincerely and conscientiously carry out operations safely, in harmony with the natural environment as the key contribution to communities and society. Lastly, pursuit of both employee growth and company growth. We will create a work environment in which employees respect each other and grow in line with the company growth. I hope you will feel confident working here and will take pride in being a member of Centurion Malaysia Sad. Bad . Like every new employee that has come before you, each of you will receive guidance from me and my colleague as part of the Centurion Malaysia Sad. Bad training program, a program that has been use since the companys founding. We help you to adapt our working culture and to make sure you all will continually strive towards improving yourselves in term of going knowledge and therefore contributing toward the betterment of the organization. There are three program would you go through, to help you know more about this company, know your Job, safety working in the plant and key to success working here. First, motivation day program. I will guide you to adapt the working culture in Centurion Malaysia Sad. Bad. Most of you are fresh graduate student from various college and institute and maybe this was your first experience to work. We as senior colleague In this company will lead ourselves first If we are to effectively lead you and set example for you to follow. I expect everyone to be trustworthy, honest, and competent, so I expect the same of myself and our manager. Reaching our goals will required individual excellence, but we wont be working in competition with each other. We will working in collaboration with each other. If we are going o be working hard, it better be fun and worthwhile. During that program I will share to you how to arrange your time so that you will not came to work late , got stuck in the traffic Jam, and submit your report in time. Throughout your new working life, you will undoubtedly experience many ups and downs. I will guide you to overcome whatever difficulties you encounter and that you will be able to maintain the fresh outlook and lofty aspirations you bring with you today. I will also teach you how to managing your stress at work. There are 10 strategies for managing stress which are relax, take action to organize yourself, control your environment by controlling who and what Is surrounding you, give yourself positive feedback, reward yourself, exercise your body, rest as regularly as possible, be aware of yourself, eat a balanced diet and learn to enjoy yourself at working place. I will elaborate more details in that program. Then, we nave snouts Walt n General Manager program. Our General Manager, Kara sandal will give a speech more details about this company which from the start of the construction until now. He will talk about performance appraisal. The performance of the employee will be reviewed on an annual basis. The annual review may result in salary increment or promotion, or otherwise. The company, however, may discuss the performance of the employee from time to time as it deems appropriate. This review is conducted with the view to address performance and behavioral issue. With that you will be motivated to work hard and show a good performance to your manager. The General Manager also wanted to share that the company reserves the right to terminate the employment of any employee immediately if the employee commits NY misconduct such as but not limited to the following misconduct and the activities stated. Theft, fraud or dishonesty including attempted theft, attempted fraud or attempted dishonesty in connection with Company business or property, or that of the Companys client/ customer. Violence, abusing, assaulting or threatening to assault or to do any injury to other employees, or superiors, within the companys premises at any time, or to companys customer. Bringing alcoholic beverages, illegal drugs or narcotics within the companys premises without prior permission from the many. Overall, our General Manager Just wanted us to work hard for your performance result and always give a good discipline. The last program is called Ice Breaking Program. This program is made to breaking the attribute of shame or shy with new colleague, leader and new environment. The main objective is to create a team work with all colleague. Team typically outperform individuals when the task are being done require multiple skill, Judgment and experience (Up. 257, Stephen P. Robbins, 2003). Team work best in situations in which the Job requires high level of employee interaction, a team approach will simplify the Job, a team can do something an individual cannot. ( Krieger and Brandt, 1996). What is teamwork? Boat can go faster / straight towards the finishing line with synchronized rowing and also it is necessary to keep the balance of the left and right rowing power. Rowing boat is the very image of Teamwork. A team also defined as a group of people with diversified entities such as gender, skill or something collectively driving towards a common goal, capitalizing on and respecting the skills and knowledge of all individual. If all league manage to create teamwork in this company it will ensure profitability (good for company), customer satisfaction (good for customer), employee satisfaction (good for employee). That means we all get the benefits from our teamwork. There are 5 rules of teamwork. First, valuable objective, the objectives for the members to dedicate themselves with pride and responsibility. Secondly, share the objectives, the objectives for the workplace and for individuals shall share one goal. Third, take the role, share the roles in the way each team member can feel that he/she is a main character. Forth, perform mutual enlightenment, create a mood in the workplace climate to study and teach mutually. Lastly, existence of humanity-rich leader, the vision the ideal figure of the workplace shall be clarified by humanity-rich and sensitivity-rich leader. Therefore, you must trust your team member, share credit for achievements and recognize mutual roles and achievements of other. I want to persuade all of you to continually strive towards improving yourselves in terms of gaining knowledge. All employees must became capable professionals with a keen unreasonable a global Dustless. Torrent language SKI are strong tool AT sun competent professionals, and I advise you to seek training that will allow you to acquire a good command of a foreign language. All of our supervisor , senior shift leader and manager is a the Japanese staff, you must learn how to hear and speak with them. If you can communicate with them, you can do your work more faster and will help you to build trusting relationship with them. That is to say, you need to keep studying with the mindset of always striving to reach the next level. Instead of waiting for opportunities to simply come to you, I would like to encourage you to intention your daily efforts in learning and practicing the foreign language. If you work hard and keep an open mind, you will begin a lifelong path of continuing knowledge and experiences. I encourage you to study hard. In addition, I urge you to take a personal initiative to continue studying by actively utilizing available in-house program or other various training equivalent. Share experience and opinion with other colleague during off day or rest day is highly recommended to do. Then, I want to encourage you to become workers who are versatile and capable to understanding offering stand points with due consideration for the feeling of those you interact with. It is very important to have friendly interaction with every colleague to create a harmonious working environment and indirectly creates a safe working environment because all employees has work as a unit. You will naturally improve your abilities to work and can perform any duties as directed by the supervisor or shift leader. During all the program, you will be required to apply yourself to a much higher degree than you previous thought possible. As known, this company using many type of chemical ND have various reading meter at drum, tower, pump and so on. We will teach you about the chemistry and mathematics to improve your knowledge and get prepare to work in the plant. Once again I encourage you all to take this program seriously and make sure you master all that we teach so that you can work well and accident can be prevented. These knowledge are very important to you, your colleague, and this company. For the final attributes, I want you all to indemnify your life goals. With this, you will always remember your goals and try your very best to achieve them. Your goals will encourage you to continue to work hard and always be better worker than other. This might enable you to create sense of reliability from your superior. Then, assign a time frame for your goals. For example, your short term goals is to get maximum points in your performance appraisal next year and be promoted is your long term of goals. Establish a periodic check in halfway or one-third into the completion of your goal to determine if you are asserting yourself enough or need to adjust your time line. After know your goals, you must reflect on your weaknesses. Your weakness might be your obstacle to your goal. Create a plan for strengthening your weaknesses. For example if physical strengthening is your weakness, do a daily exercise to gain muscle, strength, and stamina so that you can perform better during yours working hours. Finally, share your personal development program with other. Trusted friends, relative or colleagues may have insights about your strengths and weaknesses. Loved ones also can remind you of your ultimate goals and keep you accountable on days when your motivation is low. As mentioned at the beginning, our goal is to make Centurion Malaysia Sad. Bad a company that will continue to be respected throughout the world. To achieve this goal, we are relying on you as well as your superiors. Sustainable competitive Transliteration comes Trot Intangibles Like having an inspired group of committed people working together for a common cause. We will work as a team. We wont be working in competition with each other although to reaching our goals will require an individual excellence. I once again will praise not only result, but good effort. If you give your Job your best effort with good attitude, yet make a mistake and not repeat it. We will be taking some prudent risks and mistakes will happen. Unscrupulous employees will not giving they best effort, not caring about the quality of their work, or not getting better as we strive to be the best we can be, my goal is that we will enjoy our work so much that it wont seem like work. Again, Im as the training manager of this company and a representative of my colleagues want to congratulate all of you in Joining Centurion Malaysia Sad. Bad today. I really hope that as we work together, we can make Centurion Malaysia Sad. Bad a better company and success in global market.

Memory Memory and Long Term Memory Essay

Memory Memory and Long Term Memory Essay Memory: Memory and Long Term Memory Essay 49692402 – Psychology Memory is a fragile process. Examine this statement with reference to psychological theory. There are many definitions of memory but the basic function is to retain and recall information. Psychologists have realised that memory is a major component in order to get by, not only to succeed in an academic or career orientated world but generally within life. Memory surrounds us in the form of birthdays, appointments, song lyrics, exams and even finding your way home. All that said memory is not as simple as it seems, there are many sub groups within the main functioning’s of memory. And ongoing debates and theories into the complexes of what is reliable and what is not. Through a minority of these theories I hope to convey the fragility of memory. The basics of memory begin with encoding, storage and retrieval. Laying down memories, attempting to store them and then retrieving them at a time of need. The issues here lay within retrieval; although moments in life are memories in one point in time, they still can and will be lost. The question is, are they lost forever? Or are they lost within the subconscious, in the mind, but currently inaccessible. Another case is that the memory could not have been stored significantly into the short term memory, meaning it would never enter the long term memory for retrieval at a later date. Short term memory is known only to store information up to a maximum period of 30 minutes. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) came up with a model that suggested memory is made up of a series of stores, sensory, short term and long term. (Mcleod, S. 2010) They suggest that in order to recall a memory it must be rehearsed, rehearsed enough that it will follow through to long term memory. An example of this could be hidden within music, if you’ve heard a song multiple times, you know all the words, could recite it given the chance then this is long term memory, although unknowingly rehearsing the words of a song it is now within your long term memory. Although have your ever come across a song you know all the words but not the title/song writer? Then this is short term, you are bound to have heard it at some point in time although not enough to rehearse, meaning it was within your short term memory and most likely decayed or displaced. The displacement theory suggests that information picked up from the sensory memory could be displaced between STM and LTM. Waugh and Norman (1965) state that there are seven slots of memory that can be filled, once that’s the case original information will be displaced by new and incoming information. Waugh and Norman did a lab experiment in order to test their theory; they gave participants a list of 16 digits and asked them to recall them at different intervals. The results show that 20% of participants could recall from the beginning of the list and 80% from the end of the list. Therefore proving there is a capacity to the intake of information individuals can take in before it is displaced with new information. As a result people generally seem to remember the last few digits and some of the first, with very few ever recognising the middle section, this is because long term memory stores the first set of digits with short term memory storing the last, there is no appropri ate level of memory suited to remember the middle section. This proves how delicate the processes of memory is, that although long term memory has the capacity to store billions of thoughts, in the short term we can only take in a certain amount of information. Almost as if memory acts as a filtering system of the mind, that it filters out the memories of misuse, only to allow specifically significant memories to pass through to the long term memory. Another theory is that over time memories will decay, in other words fade or deteriorate as time passes. Therefore proving difficult to retrieve the information/memories in the future. As a student of criminology the

Top 8 Best Grad School Scholarships and Fellowships

Top 8 Best Grad School Scholarships and Fellowships Contrary to popular belief, a sky-high GPA is not the only way to obtain grad school scholarships. Every year, hundreds of students are awarded prestigious scholarships and fellowships that will fund their post-graduate studies partially or entirely, and not all of these students earned all A’s every time.   Key Takeaways Prestigious national and international grad school scholarships include Fulbright, Rhodes, Truman, and the Marshall.Awards committees look for well-rounded individuals with clear, concise, and achievable goals.Whether or not you earn an award, the application process can be a useful tool for determining personal and professional goals. While academic merit is important, awards committees look for students that demonstrate leadership capability, participate in extracurricular activities, volunteer, and maintain a strong sense of self. In short, the key to earning one of these scholarships is to be a well-rounded person with a clear and achievable goal.   The following is some information on the most prestigious scholarships and fellowships awarded to students on an annual basis to help you decide which scholarship is best for you.   Fulbright U.S. Student Program Annual Deadline: Early to Mid-October, check website for exact date Launched in 1946 as a way to redirect post-war financial surplus to promote cross-cultural goodwill and understanding, the Fulbright U.S. Student Program now awards an estimated 2,000 grants annually to recent university graduates. Fulbright recipients use grants to pursue international post-graduate goals, including research projects, graduate education, and teaching. Placements are available in more than 140 countries around the world. Though only citizens of the United States may apply for the U.S. Student Program, the Fulbright Program offers opportunities for working professionals and international applicants, as well.   Rhodes Scholarship Annual Deadline: First Wednesday of October The Rhodes Scholarship, established in 1902, provides full funding for students from the United States to pursue a post-graduate degree at the University of Oxford. As the oldest and arguably most prestigious international scholarship in the world, the competition for a Rhodes is exceptionally high. Applicants must first earn a nomination from their undergraduate university to be considered for the Rhodes. Out of a pool of 800-1,500 exceptional students, only 32 receive the award each year.   Marshall Scholarship Annual Deadline: Early October, check website for exact date The Marshall Scholarship annually provides up to 50 high-achieving students from the United States the opportunity to pursue a post-graduate or doctoral degree at any institution in the United Kingdom. The award includes full funding of tuition, textbook expenses, room and board, research fees, and travel between the U.S. and the U.K. for the duration of the program of study, typically two years. The award can be extended to include a third year under certain circumstances.   Barry Goldwater Scholarship Annual Deadline: Last Friday in January The Barry Goldwater Scholarship provides up to $7,500 to rising undergraduate juniors and seniors studying natural science, mathematics, or engineering who plan to pursue a career in research. Though not a grad school scholarship, many Goldwater recipients go on to receive prestigious academic awards for future studies, as the Goldwater indicates exemplary academic merit. Approximately 300 students receive the award annually. Students must be enrolled as full-time students in an accredited United State institution and hold at least sophomore status in order to be eligible.  Applicants must be citizens of the United States, U.S. nationals, or permanent residents with the intent to become U.S. citizens. Students must be nominated by a Goldwater at their university.   Harry S. Truman Scholarship Annual Deadline: First Tuesday in February Named after the 33rd president of the United States, the Truman Scholarship provides students planning on pursuing careers in public service with $30,000 to be used for graduate studies. The awards committee seeks students with strong leadership skills and a demonstrated background in public service. After completing degree programs, Truman recipients are required to work in public service for three to seven years. To receive a Truman Scholarship, students must first be nominated by faculty representative (or a faculty member willing to serve in this position) at their home university. Universities are only permitted to nominate four students each year, so larger or more academically rigorous universities might old internal competitions for qualifying students. Each year, over 600 students are nominated by their universities, and between 55 and 65 candidates are selected to receive the award. To be eligible, applicants must be United States citizens or nationals.   National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Annual Deadline: Late October or Early November, check website for exact date The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship provides a $34,000 stipend and $12,000 allowance for educational costs per year for up to three years to exceptional students pursuing research-based work in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology fields. The fellowship is the oldest scholarship program specifically for those pursuing STEM-related graduate degrees. To be eligible, students must be United States citizens, nationals, or permanent residents. The National Science Foundation strongly encourages under represented members of the scientific community, including women, minorities, and people of color, to apply for the fellowship. Awards are given in all research-based STEM fields, including psychology and social sciences, as well as hard sciences.   George J. Mitchell Scholarship Annual Deadline: Late September, check website for exact date The George J. Mitchell Scholarship offers up to 12 United States students the opportunity to pursue a graduate degree at any institution in the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland. The scholarship includes full tuition, housing costs, and a monthly stipend for the duration of one year. To be eligible, applicants must be United States citizens between 18 and 30 years old, and they must hold a bachelor’s degree before beginning the Mitchell Scholarship program.   Churchill Scholarship Annual Deadline: Mid to Late October, check website for exact date The Churchill Scholarship provides 15 United States students with the opportunity to study for one year at the University of Cambridge’s Churchill College, the only STEM-focused college at Cambridge. The scholarship was established by Winston Churchill to promote scientific inquiry and exchange between the United States and the United Kingdom. Recipients of the award receive approximately $60,000, used to cover all tuition and fees, textbook expenses, accommodation, travel to and from the United States, and visa costs. Recipients are also eligible for an additional research stipend. To be eligible, students must be United States citizens, and they must be senior undergraduate students applying from a participating university. The complete list of participating universities can be found on the Churchill Scholarship website. In 2017, the Churchill Foundation launched the Kanders Churchill Scholarship in an attempt to bridge a growing gap between science and public policy. Citizenship requirements for the Kanders Churchill Scholarship remain the same, but applicants may apply from any university in the United States, so long as they hold a bachelor’s degree in a STEM field. Kanders Churchill Scholarship recipients will attend Churchill College while pursuing a Master’s in Public Policy. Application Tips and Tricks These awards are prestigious and highly sought after for a reason. The application processes can take months or even years to complete from start to finish, and the competition is tough. Here are a few tips to help guide you through the sometimes daunting search for grad school scholarships. Find your focus Don’t waste your time submitting rushed or unfocused applications. Instead, do your research, and determine which grad school scholarship is best for you. Focus your time and effort on making that application stand out. Ask for Help Many universities have started to employ full-time staff specifically to help students with post-graduate scholarship and fellowship applications. Even if your university doesn’t have this kind of staff available, you can search through your department for any professors or alumni that received prestigious awards and ask them for advice or mentorship. Utilize free university resources.  A school writing center can help you focus your ideas, while a resume workshop can help you polish up your list of accomplishments. Use the Process Remember, even if you aren’t chosen as a recipient, the application process for any of these awards can be a fulfilling experience that helps you identify your future goals. Treat it as a tool and get as much out of it as you can.

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 1 - Essay Example It is true that in today's world the Iranian government was â€Å"Feeling its oats.† The government is looking for a way for Iran to gain more influence in the region. That is one of the reasons they were pursuing a nuclear program. At the same time they were also pursuing partnerships with both Syria and Hezbollah in Lebanon which has allowed them to further hem Israel into its corner. They wanted to have more influence and impact on the countries in the region. The truth is that because the American invasion of Iraq left a power vacuum in the region, the Iranians have been able to capitalize on it and gain more influence in Iraq. In a sense, Iranian interests have been served, but so have American ones. This has encouraged them and given them confidence as they pursue the expansion of their belligerent programs. They must be stopped. The United States must not allow this aggression to stand. At risk is their relationship with their ally Israel. Israel is under direct threat from Iran whose leaders have many times threatened to destroy them (The Economist). The truth is that the U.S. Can only take Iran at its word.

Learning to Read and Write by Frederick Douglass and Learning to Read Essay

Learning to Read and Write by Frederick Douglass and Learning to Read by Malcolm X - Essay Example As the discussion stresses even though both Malcolm X and Douglass underwent very unconventional forms of learning, the details about these experiences are different. Moreover, both writers used very logical and persuasive arguments to convey the information about their endeavors; however, their different time periods explain the divergent appreciation they had about these life lessons. These similarities and differences will be deeply analyzed throughout the paper in order to come out with a better understanding of these great historical figures. Many similarities exist between Malcolm X’s and Douglass’ essays that put forward their unconventional ways of learning how to read and write. Indeed, the unusual setting constitutes the first common experience the two men had to undergo. Thus, Malcolm X’s imprisonment provided him with a true opportunity to become literate.   From this paper it is clear that the process continued until he knew all the words from the dictionary and their meaning, thereby, revealing his devotion. Similarly, Douglass’ learning had also been very unconventional in the sense that even though he had a mistress who taught him the alphabet, his training was discontinued and he had to strive through unorthodox ways. Disappointed at being denied education, he managed to learn how to read and write the best way he could. He recalled the challenge: â€Å"The plan which I adopted, and the one by which I was most successful, was that of making friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street. As many of these as I could, I converted into teachers. With their kindly aid, obtained at different times and in different places, I finally succeeded in learning to read†. Forbidden to read in his masters’ house, he found refuge in the streets where white boys were willing to help him learn how to read. Ironical ly, the parents of the same white boys symbolize the mainstream that denied him education. However, as children displaying their innocence, these white boys did not see their racial difference as a handicap and, therefore, agreed to teach him how to read.  

Dinler v. City of New York, 607 F.3d. 923 (2d. Cir. 2010) Case Study

Dinler v. City of New York, 607 F.3d. 923 (2d. Cir. 2010) - Case Study Example Thus, it was ordered that reports by covert operatives are of confidential nature and, therefore, cannot be revealed to the defendants on the grounds of safeguarding public interest. The court further added that the plaintiffs did not have sufficient reasons to warrant the production of the police reports, which are confidential in nature. Thus, the writ was granted and the orders of the lower court were vacated. The case was previously heard by the court for the Southern District of New York where the plaintiffs had petitioned and during the trials they requested for the production of undercover police reports. The court directed the city to produce the documents for verification by plaintiffs during the trial. The plaintiffs alleged that the mass arrest of the demonstrators constituted the violation of their â€Å"state and federal constitutional rights† (United States District Court Southern District of New York, 2012, p.1). During the trial, they requested the production of police reports by covert operatives and the city filed writ for mandamus on the grounds that such documents cannot be divulged before the public. However, the district court ordered that the documents be produced and as an alternative suggested that it be done â€Å"attorney’s eyes only basis† (Adams, n.d., p.1). In this scenario, the city had to resort to seeking a writ for mandamus as producing the documents for the scrutiny of the attorney would also have compromised the confidentiality of the reports. The Court of Appeal granted the writ on the grounds that the petition of the city qualifies for a mandamus as it raised â€Å"novel and significant† questions of law (p.1). The court also agreed to the fact that police reports are entitled for â€Å"law enforcement privilege† and thus the these are not to be divulged to either the plaintiff or their attorneys (p.1). The main

Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment and Society - Essay Example Employment and workplace have several issues attached to it. Here we will be discussing those issues and solutions for them. Before that we will talk on some topics related to employment. With inflation on the high people are going towards better paying jobs each day. To keep their families intact they have to improve the standards of living and that requires some good money. Employees keep switching jobs whenever they get an opportunity. It can be safely said that money is the key to happiness these days and being employed is the source for money, thus it can be concluded that, employment is the key to happiness. But on the same time seeking employment is not an easy task, especially with the increase of experienced manpower and increase in expectation in terms of money. The problem faced by the organization as a result is the increase in turnover rate. Organizations are finding it difficult to contain their skilled employees. In these circumstances adding to the miseries of the organizations is demand for wage growth. Does a person loves his job or is he just stuck because he doesn't have another option In today's competitive environment the answer most of the time would be the latter. Whatever it may be the person should be fair to the job. People most of the time pose to be happy about their job. ... "To do something well you have to like it. That idea is not exactly novel. We've got it down to four words: "Do what you love." But it's not enough just to tell people that. Doing what you love is complicated." (How to Do What you Love, 2006). The sentences above explain my point of view. It's very difficult to find a job that you love, so compromise is the word for us, the working class. And I don't think compromise is too bad either if its not affecting the outcome of the job. Turnover Dilemma The organizations are finding it difficult to keep their employees intact. The turnover rate according to Recruitment, retention and turnover survey for UK this year is 18.3% (cipd, 2006). With the turnover rate being high there is a need to take a look at the factors causing it. It is devastating for a company when an experienced frontline employee leaves. Employee's turnover is costly. Employees are a source for business for an organization and when people start leaving, it will have an effect on the business. The reasons for leaving can vary, but most can be prevented if found out. The most common reason for leaving is money and position. Most of the employees leave the job because the wage other company is offering is more or the company is giving a higher rank. This problem if not totally prevented can be cured little by raising the valued employees salary on an annual basis and giving promotions when they deserve it. Lack of management skill can also be the reason for high turnover. Often overloading of work is seen, other than that favoritism and lack of trust in employee's decision-making can be some results of careless behavior by the management (Smith, n.d). Unemployment When we are talking about employment and the society there is a

China's Environmental issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

China's Environmental issue - Essay Example Rapid economic development has led to reduction in land that can be cultivated. According to current studies China has lost more than 44.1 million hectares of land since the 1980s. Many jungles, fisheries and ponds have been destroyed. The majority of China’s forests and jungles are suffering from deforestation and destruction. Desertification and salinization are other major problems affecting arable land. Large areas of the Yangtze River have lost its volume. Environmental problems which have affected China’s arable land have led to scarcity of water and diminished agricultural production capacity. Serious concerns have been raised about China’s ability to feed its rising population. Soil erosion, desertification, water scarcity, deforestation are some of the major environmental problems faced by China (Edmonds, 53). China’s rising industrial capacity has led to pollution which threatens the environment. Industrial waste products make up a large portion of pollution in China. Waste products have been released into the environment without proper processing methods. Textile, mining, food, paper, oil industries are the leading producers of waste products which have been dumped into the Huang River. The lack of enforcement of environmental regulation laws had led to the spread of pollution by the industrial sector. China’s industries also lack the modern technology to process industrial waste products. China has ample resources of oil and coal. However it consumes more energy than it produces. A thriving economy has also fed the need for energy resources. This has led to the degradation of the environment. Coal is the main source of energy for China. The demand for crude oil and electricity has increased with the rise in industries. China consumes about 9 percent of the world’s oil supply. It is increasingly dependant upon foreign producers for oil and energy

Bulla Ice Cream Situation Analysis Research Paper

Bulla Ice Cream Situation Analysis - Research Paper Example The first commercial ice-cream was produced in Australia in 1907 (Unilever, 2010). Streets ice-cream marked the beginning of the ice-cream industry in Australia in 1920 (Unilever, 2011). This was subsequently taken over by Unilever and is now one of the biggest and best known manufacturers with brands such as Magnum, Paddle Pop and Blue Ribbon. This was the first ice-cream available on sticks and today Magnum sells about 1 billion units per year. 2. Market Statistics Positive change in both value and volume in the Ice-cream sales (Appendix A) in Australia suggests that economic downturn ash not impacted the sales of this luxury food item. Sale has increased by about 9% in value 2 years from 2007 and about 5% in volume. However, there have been significant increases in the sales of tubs (23.2% by volume) while the sales of multipacks and desserts have declined. Again, while Nestle and Unilever have seen declining sales, Bulla’s sales in two years has increased almost one hundre d percent. All other brands such as Weis and Sara Lee have seen sales decline over this period. Amongst the popular brands those of Nestle – Peters Original and Peters Light & Creamy have steadily declined. Brands such as Bulla Real Dairy, Bulla Ribbon and Bulla Creamy Classic have almost doubled in two years. Bulla Ribbon has registered the highest growth (more than 100%). 3. Business Environment Political Australia has very low risk of political stability and the country ranks third in the world for political stability (NSW, 2011). This makes it a safe investment location. Australia is a constitutional democracy based on federal division of powers. Economical Australia offers an environment that encourages freedom of speech and freedom from internal control (MIEPA, n.d.). Business investment and foreign entrepreneurship is encouraged in all sectors. Despite economic downturn ice-cream continues to be an affordable indulgence for the Australians leading to a sustained growth of 3% in 2010 (Euromonitor International, 2010). The ice-cream industry shows an increase at an annualized rate of 2.3% to $485 million in the five years through 2010-11 (Ibisworld, 2011). Socio-cultural – health and wellness products are in high demand and shape the performance of indulgence and impulsive purchase such as increase-creams (Euromonitor International, 2010). This is the reason that despite constrained consumer spending sales remained robust. Impulse ice-cream is identified as a quintessential activity in Australia and a key aspect of Australian life. However, as the consumers have become health-conscious innovative product lines and adapting to changing consumer trends has become important. Technological Australia has the latest technology in ice-cream production and research is an on-going process in Australia. Competition Unilever continues to dominate the entire Asia-Pacific market in ice-creams having 8.6% of the total market share (Appendix B). Nestle and Bulla Dairy are the other two main contenders in this sector 4. Bulla Ice Cream analysis Bulla Dairy is an Australian-owned family business that constantly introduces new products based on technological innovation. Started in 1910, the organization sells its products all over Australia and also exports throughout Asia and the Pacific region. It has diverse range of products categorized into Retail, Foodservice, Route and Export. Yoghurt, ice-creams, cheese and cream are its specialties.

China's Environmental issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

China's Environmental issue - Essay Example Rapid economic development has led to reduction in land that can be cultivated. According to current studies China has lost more than 44.1 million hectares of land since the 1980s. Many jungles, fisheries and ponds have been destroyed. The majority of China’s forests and jungles are suffering from deforestation and destruction. Desertification and salinization are other major problems affecting arable land. Large areas of the Yangtze River have lost its volume. Environmental problems which have affected China’s arable land have led to scarcity of water and diminished agricultural production capacity. Serious concerns have been raised about China’s ability to feed its rising population. Soil erosion, desertification, water scarcity, deforestation are some of the major environmental problems faced by China (Edmonds, 53). China’s rising industrial capacity has led to pollution which threatens the environment. Industrial waste products make up a large portion of pollution in China. Waste products have been released into the environment without proper processing methods. Textile, mining, food, paper, oil industries are the leading producers of waste products which have been dumped into the Huang River. The lack of enforcement of environmental regulation laws had led to the spread of pollution by the industrial sector. China’s industries also lack the modern technology to process industrial waste products. China has ample resources of oil and coal. However it consumes more energy than it produces. A thriving economy has also fed the need for energy resources. This has led to the degradation of the environment. Coal is the main source of energy for China. The demand for crude oil and electricity has increased with the rise in industries. China consumes about 9 percent of the world’s oil supply. It is increasingly dependant upon foreign producers for oil and energy

123 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

123 - Essay Example The family atmosphere is also not conducive to sharing of secrets. Jack’s dad married soon after the passing of Jack’s mother without even informing him that he would do that. It is a fact that in Native American society men do not share deep feelings; however, this fact just served to worsen the relationship between Jack and his father. Jack felt a sense of abandonment when this took place and went to reside with his aunt. The older generation in this tale, which is made up of the narrators’ father, Aunt Greta and the extended family reside in the Indian reservation, but Jack makes the decision to further his education and moves out of the reservation. Owing to this decision to improve his life, his connection with his family members is weakened. In Native American families, it appears that in most households, there is a lot of adjustment that is accepted as being normal. Gerstel and Sarkisian state that "Black and Latino families are more disorganized than White families" (Gerstel and Sarkisian, 62). This may not be a reality in all families of non-White ethnicities, but it occurs more often in these families than in White families. Aunt Gretas household was altered significantly many times in the course of her life. Her husband passed away, and thus she had to look after her grandfather in his old age, along with her nephew. Prior to going to university, Roger is invited to a party in which he gets inebriated and is involved in a fight. The lack of boundaries that would have resulted from being a part of a fully functional family may have prevented this. Jack was mainly brought up by his aunt. There are boundaries that will only be respected by children when the father of the family enforces them. Jack, coming from a dysfu nctional family, lacked such boundaries. He is imprisoned as a result of the fight, but still does not appear to understand the importance of taking

The Current Climate Change Trend In Malaysia

The Current Climate Change Trend In Malaysia Climate change is rapidly increased and become very serious global issue. The emission and concentration of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases is affecting the increase in temperature, and thus leading to global warming. The world community is very concerned with the impacts of climate change and the current series of extreme weathers that could possibly affect the global climate systems. In developed countries such USA, Europe and Japan, their community are increasingly aware of and concerned about global climate change and supportive of a wide range of mitigation and adaptation policies. Unfortunately, we also still know very little about international public opinion or behavior regarding climate change, in large part because only a few multi-national surveys have included even a single question on the issue (Leiserowitz, Kates, Parris, 2005; Brechin, 2003). Large majorities worldwide believe that human activities are a significant cause of climate change, yet many continue to confuse and conflate global warming with depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn leads many to support ineffectual solutions, such as the banning of aerosol spray cans. Malaysia is one of the countries in the world which is experiencing a warming trend for the past few decades. According to IPCC in year 2001, the global land precipitation has raising about 2% since the early of the 20th century. They also reported in year 2007, the extremely hot temperature, heat waves and heavy precipitation events will contribute to become more frequent. In the past few years, the frequency of long dry period tended to be higher with significant increase in the mean and variability of the length of the dry spells. All the indices of wet in these areas show a decreasing trend. Increasing temperature with long dry periods would give variable result of weather and climate (Deni et al., 2008). According to INC, 2000; Malaysias temperature and rainfall are rapidly increasing between +0.6 to 3.4C and -1 to +32% in 60 years repetitively and the rise of sea level is about 13-94 cm within 100 years respectively. Thus, these will give impacts on water resources, coastal zone, public health, food supply, drainage, flooding, land slides, haze, typhoons, and others negative phenomenon that need national and international responses to face climate change. Realizing the importance of reducing and combating the impact of climate change and GHGs emissions, the Malaysian government has taken concerted efforts towards this issue by introducing the mitigation programs in the Ninth Malaysian Plan. 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT Malaysias desire to achieve the status of a developed country by the year 2020 will require rapid economic growth and expansion, especially in the urban, industrial and commercial sectors. Economic growth is guided by the principles of sustainable development. The extent to which sustainable development is achieved will ultimately depend on the ability of the country to monitor and manage the impacts of economic activities on the environment. NGOs continue to advocate national efforts to address such issues as the economics of climate change, the compilation and publication of timely data on GHG emissions, and projections of energy consumption by different end-users. Most Malaysian is not aware of the effects of global warming. Being in a hot climate country and most likely holed up in their air conditioned offices, most did not notice the changes in daily temperatures. Rising temperatures from global warming are creating violent storms in Malaysia for the past few years. A disaster caused by climate change or global warming could be defined as a serious disruption to the functioning of a community or a society causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Prediction about impact of climate change on public health are general, there are no specific region scenarios is available. Nevertheless, Malaysia can expect significant impact mainly because of its tropical weather with high rainfall and temperatures that make dangerous combinations for air factor, food diseases, and illness due to air pollution. In Malaysia public perception on climate change is not well documented. Hence, this objectives, want to discover the perception on climate change. With such poor understanding on structure in the climate system, people are likely to rely on the intuitive wait and see strategy that works well in a range of everyday tasks. 3.0 OBJECTIVES The purpose of this survey is to assess the public opinion, perception, and understanding regarding the current climate change trend in Malaysia. The objective includes:- 1. Public perception and awareness of the seriousness of climate change 2. The extent to which public informed about climate change. 3. To determine public attitudes towards the solution to climate change. 4.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Public should be taught more about GHG that are held responsible for climate change issues. Since climate change is affecting evrything all over the world, thus, by having sufficient or extra understanding or more specifica, knowledge about this issue can be the most important way to adress our attention about it and the solution towards it. This research will contribute to public understanding about the current as well as future issue on climate change by providing information about the key point that should be seriously concentrate in environmental education effort. Climate change is widely recognized as the hottest issues on the current international environmental agenda. Climate change gives implications for many events such flood and water shortage, food supplies, human health, and social and political initiatives. Public awareness of environmental issues generally, many people lack understanding of the delicate interrelationships between man, and all species of animals and plants to climate change. There is quite small number of people that able to relate their daily activities to environmental harmless whether in the short and long term effects. Most of them only concern about the impacts of climate change without knowing the exactly causes of climate change. Since people generally have very basic knowledge about climate change, it is probable that many rely on the mass media as a primary source of information about this topic. The purpose of this research also to know the effectiveness of environmental regulation in Malaysia; hence this explanatory research which is a combination of literature review, data collection and interviews can be used to encourage the responsible bodies to formulate further solutions on the issues associated with climate change. 5.0 LITERATURE REVIEW a. Climate Change Issue on climate change arises as the increasing a number of tragedies and disaster phenomenon occurred in Malaysia. Kedah and Johor are the worst states that experienced floods recently. An analysis of temperature records in Malaysia shows a warming trend. For the assessment of the impacts of climate change on agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal resources, health and energy sectors, temperature changes ranging from +0.3Â °C to +4.5Â °C and rainfall changes ranging from -30% to +30% were used. Several fixed sea level rise scenarios within the range of 20-90 cm in 100 years were adopted for the assessment of impacts on coastal resources (INC, 2000). Every 10C temperature rise may cause 10% reduction in rice yields and prolonged drought conditions may adversely impact the current flooded rice ecosystem, putting national food security at greater risk (MOSTI, 2000). GHG emissions from sources and removal by sinks resulting from human (anthropogenic) activities have been estimated and included in the inventory. Natural processes lie outside the scope of the inventory. The sources and sinks were grouped under five categories, namely, energy, industrial processes, agriculture, land use change and forestry, and waste. According to NAHRIM, 2006 and Wan Azli et al., 2008, modeling results estimate that temperature in Malaysia may become warmer by mid and end of the century. A substantial increase in monthly rainfall over the North East Coastal region and decrease in monthly rainfall in West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia may be expected. Future river flows in several watersheds in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia were simulated as increases in hydrologic extremes when compared with their historical level. Generally, Malaysia is considered as a free zone from climate related disaster. However, mild climate-disasters are quite frequent to happen lately. These refer to the occurrence of floods and droughts that caused significant socio-economic impacts to the nation while the occurrence of land slides due to excessive rainfall and strong winds happened at the hilly and the latter, at the coastal areas caused minimal damage. The floods incidence happened in the southern states of Malaysia, such as Negeri Sembilan and Johor. There are many obstacles remaining, including our limited understanding of the current status of Malaysian public opinion and the unknown potential for rapid social change to dramatically reduce global greenhouse gas emissions at a rate fast enough to forestall large-scale climate disruptions. Malaysias national policy on sustainable development is based on a balanced approach such that environment and development complement each other. While the past and existing national policies and initiatives may have indirectly addressed climate change concerns under the context of sustainable development, the need to formulate a dedicated climate change policy is increasingly recognized. Therefore, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia in collaboration with the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, had conducted the Policy Study on Climate Change. The aim of the study was to develop a national policy and strategies on climate change in fostering sustainable development in Malaysia to meet the needs of the country and respond to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The other stakeholder consultants regarding to climate change issue are Ministry of Science Technology and Ministry of Natu ral Resources and Environment, DOE, Ministry of Health and Institute of Medical Research, Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia, SIRIM, Maritime Institute Of Malaysia and Business Council for Sustainable Development. To address climate change issues, RMK9 initiates the following mitigation programs such: 1. Increase supply and utilization of alternative fuel such Renewable Energy. 2. By 2010, about 300 MW of RE is expected to be generated and conducted to the TNB Grid in Peninsular Malaysia and 5o MW to SESB Grid in Sabah 3. RE project utilizing municipal waste will be promoted 4. Encourage energy efficiency in industrial, building, and transport sectors. 5. Protect forest areas via sustainable forest management to ensure the forest areas are maintained as sink to GHG, i.e., CO2. 6. Conduct Coastal Vulnerability Index study 7. Implement coastline protection program 8. Implement flood mitigation program such as Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) Project 9. Undertake study to identify the relationship between the impacts of climate change and vector borne diseases. 5.0 Methodology The purpose of this study is to investigate public opinion, perception, and understanding regarding the current climate change, and to reach this aim, respondents will be selected randomly to fill questionnaire form which would be used to collect the data for this study. This chapter is to presents the methods used to achieve the objectives of the study. The study will be conduct in 2 areas in Johor Darul Takzim where in urban cities (Johor Bharu) and rural area (Segamat) to gather the information on the public understanding regarding the climate changes trends in Malaysia. A survey will be conduct to assess the public awareness regarding the current climate change in Malaysia. Questionnaires will distribute and the collection data will be use as primary data to know the level of public understanding regarding to this study. Method to Analyze Data SPSS is complete statistical software packages that used for analyzing dissertation and thesis data and can bring in dissertation data from any type of file for analysis. The package is mainly aimed at those that want to research problems and features a wide range of analytical functions. SPSS is performed to make tabulated dissertation charts, reports, plots of distributions and trends, and expressive statistics, and difficult statistical analysis making use of the data. Though SPSS appears like a very user-friendly statistical package since it is the easiest method to translate the data into SPSS; this significantly reduces the preliminary work needed to explore new data.

Essay --

The Age of Revolution †¢ A period of political upheaval beginning with the American Revolution, leading through the French Revolution, and ending at around 1848 †¢ Caught up many social groups with diverse motives Forces of Change †¢ Three forces were working to shatter Europe’s calm by the mid-18th century o Cultural ï‚ § Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued for a government based on a general will o Ongoing commercialization ï‚ § Businesspeople challenge the idea that only aristocrats should hold high office o All social levels ï‚ § The population revolution was partly the result of better border policing, which reduced the movement of disease bearing animals ï‚ § Improved nutrition, due to the introduction of the potato †¢ Led to reduced death rates ï‚ § Increase in population leads upper class families to tighten their grip on existing offices †¢ Consequently it becomes harder for non-aristocrats to gain a high post †¢ Population pressure drove many people into the working class, which led to the creation of motives for protest †¢ Population growth sparks a rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing in western...

Cause of Eating Disorders Essay -- essays papers

Cause of Eating Disorders In America, today we often hear of people who suffer from illness such as cancer, aids etc. what we often don’t hear about is the illness that effects a lot of people each year that being eating disorders. Whenever I hear about eating disorders it remains me of one of my cousin who had suffered from anorexia. It all started when her family and acquaintances started to say that she was fat and chubby. In her family everyone is very slim and tall so her brothers started teasing and calling her fatty and used to say that she need to loose weight otherwise nobody will marry her or even wants to be with her. She used to worry so much about her weight and wanted to loose weight. The only way she found for loosing weight was stop eating. She starved herself and lost couple of pounds. She was happy with the result and had great determination of loosing weight. Nobody noticed anything wrong until one day she was completely dehydrated and fainted at school. She was hospitalize d for almost a week. But she got all the help and support that she needed from her Doctors, family and got better. Eating disorders have become serious issues in the past 25 years. Many people have been diagnosed with eating disorders. More teens out of any other age groups suffer from it. Sports, body image, peer pressure and low self-esteem can cause teens to be driven to eating disorders. Anorexia and bulimia are the two main types of eating disorders. Anorexia is the self-starving behavior that can lead to severe health problems an even death. Bulimia is when a binge/ purge cycle is used or laxatives are used at an excessive amount. Anorexia and Bulimia affect persons thoughts and feelings as well as his or her body. ... ...happy with any thing they do. Being over weight is hard to cope with in this day and age. Many teens get very depressed when they are over weight because people tease them they cannot fit in with the crowd. Sometimes even if a teenager is not overweight, they feel they must maintain their body size, so they can look like models. It is unfortunate, but in today’s society, people have forgotten that it is what inside a person that counts, not what’s on the outside. In conclusion, we need to start loving and accepting each other for who we are, and not what we look like. We need to teach our children to be proud of whom they are. Parent’s needs to also teach our children the value of healthy leaving and not send the message that being thin is important. Family and peers need to support people with weight problems and not make them feel guilty about how they look.

Global Trends in Tourism Essay

Threats of terrorism, pandemic outbreaks, natural calamities and, finally, pesky security checks notwithstanding, the international tourism industry is booming. Tourism has become a key economic driver globally, and is one of the main sources of income for many developing countries today. International tourism receipts totaled $682 billion in 2005 while arrivals, at 842 million in 2006, registered a five-fold growth over the last three decades. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) estimates that international tourist arrivals will touch the one-billion mark by2010 and the centre of activity will be the Asia-Pacific region. The World Tourism Conference in Kuala Lumpur early this month acquired significance given the recent resurgence in the global tourism industry following several shocks starting from 9/11, continuing through the Bali bombings in 2002, the SARS epidemic, the avian flu and the Asian tsunami. The conference discussed several important issues that the global tourism industry is faced and the changes happening worldwide. The impact of technology and the changing demographics on tourism were among the interesting trends discussed. COMING OF AGE The tourism industry has matured significantly in recent years and is displaying a new willingness to share information and co-operate. The result: A different type of growth, one that is more moderate, more solid and more responsible. More moderate because it is not likely to produce the spectacular double-digit growth rates of 2000and 2004. The industry can, however, look forward to about 4 per cent growth in 2007. More solid because enterprises, consumers and institutions are able to anticipate shocks and respondeffectively to crises. The market shows increased resilience and travellers are better informed; forinstance, they now include security concerns as just another consideration while selecting theirdestination. â€Å"Following each crisis, the ability to respond has improved and the return to normalcyhappens more rapidly,† as Mr Geoffrey Lipman, Assistant Secretary-General of the UNWTO, pointedout, while delivering the keynote address at the conference. More responsible because greater attention is now being paid to the congestion that tourismgenerates and its ill-effects as also its relationship to climate change. According to the World Economic Forum Competitiveness survey, small countries are often better at planning tourism development thanthe big ones. There cannot, of course, be a better example for this than the city-island state of Singapore which was a pioneer in developing its tourism industry in its part of the world.For the smaller countries tourism accounts for 20-30 per cent of GDP. â€Å"For those economies, tourism isnot the icing, it is the cake,† said Mr Christopher Rodrigues, Chairman, Visit Britain.The `greying’ population of several developed countries is proving to be a plus for global tourism. Therising average age means a growing market of people with more discretionary income and time totravel. Rapid economic growth has also created more affluent populations willing to splurge on travel.†Tourists over 55 years of age travel farther away from home, include two or more destinations in atrip, engage in more activities, travel with one or another household member and spend more per tripthan tourists, on an average,† observed Mr Lipman. This is unlike the average tourist in the workingage who may be weighed down by his back-pack as well as work pressure and other compulsions totake no more than a short holiday. Retired tourists have no such compulsions even as they spendliberally from their retirement savings to see the world in a `now or never’ spirit.What may ultimately determine a travel decision is the desire to learn, discover new experiences andadd meaning to people’s lives. Cross-border family travel is becoming frequent and these trends areapparent in the growth of niche products developed by destinations, hotels and resorts.This demographic shift is breeding as a corollary a new set known as `Short Holiday Break’ travellersamong younger folks in double-income families. The concept of a shorter main holiday plus a series of breaks is not only born out of necessity but the norm. The global crisis that shook 2008 to the core (and continues to do so) has impact in industries across the board. One of the most affected fields is tourism as it’s an elected excess and not a necessity. A recently released research by the Tourism Journalists Association shows that people will be more cautious in spending for leisure travels and will engage in more meaningful, rather than extravagant, vacations. Technology. Technology is a driving force of change that presents opportunities for greater efficiencies and integration for improved guestservices. Technology has become a tourism businessactivity in development of strategic resourcesand is considered as a tool to increasecompetitiveness. Effective use of informationtechnology can make significant operationalimprovements. Advanced software andcommunication tools allow enlarging operationalefficiency, for example, orders may be made better, faster and cheaper.In addition, decision-making through decisionsupport tools, databases and modelling toolsassist the manager ’s job. Thanks to expertsystems, sophisticated expertise can be met byany manager (Romanovs, 2000). Technology changes the tourism business rules.More specifically: Information on all tourist services is availablevirtually from all over the world. Potential client can be any resident of the world. More territorial boundaries restrict the number of customers. Decision making turns into a tourism specialist ineach component. Changes in customer service technology andservice personalization occur. Marketing opportunities are expanding.Technology on wireless communication systemsenabling voice, text and data communication amongemployees, managers, departments and guests isnow being adapted by hotels. Comprised of intelligent system software and lightweight, hands-free or handheld communication devices, thesesystems allow hotel staff to deliver the bestcustomer service. Examples of wirelesscommunication solutions for the hospitality industryinclude: communication badges, food and drinksordering systems, as well as devices that allow hotelagents to check-in and check-out guests, processcredit cards, print receipts and program room keysanywhere in or nearby the hotel.Wireless technology offers, among others, thefollowing benefits for hotels and the quality of service they can provide to the guest: Increases staff productivity and reducesresponse time to satisfy guest requests. Improves overall guest satisfaction andservice. Increases efficiency for restaurants (bars,cafeterias, etc.) and caterers by saving time,reducing human errors and by providinghigher quality customer service. Reduces queues at the reception desk andallows guests to check-in and check-outcloser to where their room is. The global financial and economic downturn that affected tourism from 2007 through to 2010and beyond has cast substantial attention to the role that crisis events play in tourism. Theseconcerns have only been exacerbated by natural disasters, such as the 2010 Icelandic volcanic plume, pandemics, and the potential of future global change. The potential affect of crisisevents on international tourism is likely to increase both in size and frequency as tourism becomes increasingly hypermobile and the global economy even more interconnected. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2010) estimated that international touristarrivals fell by 4% in 2009. The seeming increase in impacts of economic and financial downturns, politicalinstability or natural disaster on tourism are arguably not a result of any increase in suchevents but instead illustrate the way in which the world’s economies, transport systems, andmedia and communication networks have now become so integrated that when onedestination or region has been affected then the impacts can reverberate through the entiresystem.Many of the crises that affect tourism are crisis events that are of a specific duration and occur in an identifiable time and space, although their impacts may be longer lasting (Ren, 2000).The notion of an event is significant because the limited duration of a high impact crisis eventserves to enhance the attention a crisis may receive in the media and enhance the perceptionthat the event is of concern and should be responded too (Smith, 1990, 2005; Greening &Johnson, 2007). Many of the crisis events that affect tourism have been occurring for millennia. Yet what haschanged is the dramatic growth in the scale of tourism and other human movement to theextent that the developed world is often described as hypermobile. The definition of hypermobility as â€Å"the maximization of physical movement† (Khisty & Zeitler, 2001, p. 598)is a useful way to characterise the vast growth in temporary mobility in aggregate form insome societies as well as a relatively small number of individuals of extremely frequenttravellers within them (Bell & Brown, 2006; Gà ¶ssling, Ceron, Dubios, & Hall., 2009).There have been substantial changes in mobility and other processes of globalisation since thedevelopment of mass commercial aviation in the late 1960 and early 1970s. This has meant that there has been a transition in aviation from being a luxury form of mobility for thewealthy few to being a relatively cheap means of mass transportation for large parts of leisureand business travellers in industrialized countries (Gà ¶ssling et al., 2009). Shifts in access as aresult of improved affordability and availability also correspond with fundamental changes in perceptions of distance, place and space (e.g. Janelle, 1969; Urry, 2000; Gà ¶ssling, 2002; Adeyet al., 2007). For many people, what was once a distant non-routine environment is now aneveryday routine environment (Hall, 2005a, b; Coles & Hall, 2006). According to Hall(2005a) the routinised space-time paths of those living at the start of this century†¦ are not the same as those of people in 1984 when Giddens was writing or in the 1960swhen Hà ¤gerstrand was examining routine daily space-time trajectories. Instead, because of advances in transport and communication technology, for a substantial proportion of the population in developed countries or for elites in developing countries being able to travel long-distances to engage in leisure behaviour (what one would usually describe as tourism)is now a part of their routine activities (Hall, 2005a, p. 24).The significance in the change of the nature of a routine environment is that the more people participate in such long-distance movement and the more destinations and places depend onsuch relatively fast, large-scale movements in economic terms, the more perceptions of crisisdevelop when such ‘normal’ movement is stopped or slowed down. This point was made in acomment in The Guardian with respect to winter travel ‘chaos’ in the UK in December 2009as a result of heavy snowfalls. ‘My solution to winter travel chaos? Don’t travel. †¦ Yet powered movement is a craving no government is willing to curb. Hypermobility is the totemof personal liberty. †¦ Before the invention of jet travel, the idea of a winter holiday wasunthinkable for any but the very rich’ (Jenkins, 2009). Natural disasters and anthropogenic environmental problems are given some significancegiven their impacts on travel and tourism at various scales as well as their potential to affectthe image of destinations (World Tourism Organization, 1998).

Hamlet’s 4th Soliloquy Analyze

Hamlet’s 4th soliloquy analyze â€Å"To be or not to be† can arguably be Shakespeare’s most recognizable quote in all of his work. Hamlet attempts to reason with himself on whether or not death is the only solution to end all life suffering portrays him as both confused and cowardly. In this monologue, Hamlet goes into a tough debate over whether he should end his own suffering by commit suicide, or to step it up and revenge for his father. This solilguy also shows the reader on how Hamlet deals with stress and the lost of love one. In conclusion, he decided to live and fulfill his promise. Indication from this monologue exposed Hamlet’s flaws for lacking of action, being hesitant, and unable to settle his mind. This help lay the foundation of Hamlet’s characteristic and his reasons behind his actions in the later part of the play. Like many Shakespeare’s writing, it is up to the reader to decide on the characteristic of Hamlet. Many may view â€Å"to be or not to be† as Hamlet’s suicide attempt, however, it really portrays Hamlet as a stressed out young man that can not deal with his surrounding. Hamlet position himself between the two extremes with life and death by questioning himself on â€Å"†Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them†. He asked himself if it is â€Å"nobler† to commit suicide, but quickly goes against his early statement by saying actions requires â€Å"arms against a sea of troubles†. This shows that Hamlet is puzzled with himself on whether he should end his â€Å"sea of troubles† by means of death, or to suffer through the pain of living. As Hamlet thinks towards death and ending all life stress, he quoted: â€Å"To die-to sleep, No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to :’to consummation devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream†. Hamlet wishes if he was dead, he will no longer have to suffer through his â€Å"heart-ache† and â€Å"thousand natural shocks†. The monologue continues as Hamlet debate on his decisions. Finally, Hamlet points out the reason why he choice to live instead of death. He choice to live because â€Å"the dread of something after death, The undiscover'd country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will†. In other words, Hamlet unwilling to commit suicide is because he does not know what lies after death and it was against his religious believe. Ironically, through out the soliloquy, the reader can conclude from Hamlet’s sorrow and depression that he himself knows his weakness in thinking too much on his revenge and yet Hamlet does not react or even tries to. It has been weeks before Hamlet’s promises towards his father on revenge to kill Cladius, but once again, we see Hamlet is confused as ever. He then quotes: â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pith and moment With this regard their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action†. This further fortifies the above statement for stating himself for being cowardly and did not take action when he had the chance. It seems that Hamlet needs to list out every possible outcome of his action before processing it. Hamlet is helpless of his own lack of confidence and this will lead to his ultimate doom. This important soliloquy exposed the flaws of Hamlet’s character and it shows Hamlet’s self conflict and his possible solutions in taking action. This is the main point of the play as it signifies a development in Hamlet’s thought and his readiness in finally starting to act. It also shows Hamlet’s approach on the question of life and death and how he compares both of them by over examine each and every possible outcome. This soliloquy also shows Hamlet’s puzzlement, lack of action and his overall cowardly behavior. We knows that Hamlet’s unwilling to commit suicide is because he wants revenge, but the more important question is whether revenge is truly keeping him alive, or that he is just too cowardly to face the mystery after death.

Johnny Depp as Edward Scissorhands Essay

Johnny Depp, also known as Edward Scissorhands is the main focus of this movie. Edward being an invention â€Å"monster† as some might say, but he also has a kind heart for others. After the inventor â€Å"Father† of Edward died he stayed inclosed in the house, leaving him unfinished him having scissors for hands, he had become socially disconnected. Looking into Edward’s eyes you can tell he’s lost soul being in trapped in a unwanted body. Deserted in this House he calls home all alone until one day, Peg, a woman who sells avon, barges in and takes him with her. Edward gentle but frightened doesn’t know what the world had in store for him. Being alone for as long as Edward was he desired the attention Peg gave him. i honestly think Tim Burtons main focus of this film was to show that you can’t judge a book by its cover, by showing off Edwards unique qualities showing his fascinating personality & loving heart towards others. While easily amazing the neighbors with his shrub trimming and hair cutting skills. Edward falls drastically in love with Peg’s daughter Kim, but, KIm is dating the Jim who is just very hateful to Edward. Jim always pointed out that he could never hold hands with Kim without hurting her, also Edward being so socially disconnected from society.

Commissioning pneumatic trainer system Literature review

Commissioning pneumatic trainer system - Literature review Example Pneumatics is defined as the study of gases and air and the relationship between their volume, temperature and pressure (Venkannah, 2006). Pneumatics as a discipline deals with the mechanical properties of gases, e.g. pressure and density, and the application of these principles to solve various engineering problems using of compressed gas as the main source of power (Beater, 2007). The compressed gas that is most commonly used is air, and it normally contains energy stored in a potential state. When the compressed air expands, working energy is produced in the form of kinetic energy and pressure (Beater, 2007). 1.1.2 Hardware Pneumatic systems can be broken down into several levels representing the hardware components and the signal flow as shown below (Venkannah, 2006). The major components of a pneumatic system are; Compressor Check valve Accumulator Directional valve Actuator The assembly of a basic pneumatic system is as shown below. Key: A. Air Compressor B. Check Valve C. Accu mulator D. Directional Valve E. Actuator The following are discussed below. A. Compressor The air compressor unit is driven by a motor, and it acts as the source of air for the whole system (Dale & Fardo, 2009). It increases the pressure of air by compressing it so as to reduce its volume. This unit uses electrical power to generate mechanical force through the rotation of a motor. Once the air is compressed, it is stored in a receiving tank. The compressed air is then dispersed to the extra parts of the system at a high pressure when needed (Dale & Fardo, 2009). Pneumatic systems must also be equipped with air processing components that will condition the air before it is used. The conditioning involves filtering, regulating the temperature and lubrication (Dale & Fardo, 2009). These three sub units can be offered as one set known as the FRL Unit (Soundara, 2007). Filter unit It filters any foreign particles that may be contained in the compressed air. However, the size of the part icle that can be filtered depends on the type of filter used (Mitchell, 2000). Regulator unit It is used to uphold the desired pressure to the system’s control and consumption unit. Lubricating unit The lubricator supplies the compressed air with a film of oil and ensures that the air carries oil to the interior parts of both the control valves and the cylinder. However, the usage of lubricators is becoming less popular since nowadays manufacturers are making valves that do not require lubrication (Soundara, 2007). The filter and the regulator can be combined and used as a single or as individual units. B. Check valves These are one way valves that allow pressurized air to enter the pneumatic system and at the same time preventing backflow of the pressurized air to the compressor hence preventing loss of pressure. They help keep the pressurized air locked until it is released either manually or electrically after it reaches a certain amount of pressure. C. Accumulator It stor es compressed air and prevents any surges that may occur as a result of pressure. It usually has a larger volume than the air compressor. The large volume is of great significance as it helps dampen the pulsations of pressure as well as serve as a reserve to supply both large and brief volumes of air on demand. Accumulators also act as a medium for