Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

[Writer Name] [Subject] [Date] Martin Luther king Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Outline 1. Introduction i) Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† ii) Religious appeals in King’s latter iii) Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion Introduction The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in response to â€Å"A Call for Unity†, written by eight white clergymen from Birmingham. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail is a true call for unity, as he clearly states and points out facts that the clergymen have omitted from†¦show more content†¦Blacks are going through a really tough time during this Negro revolution in 1963 and Dr. King accentuates the point by the use of strong diction, which set the tone of the letter. For example, Dr. King elucidates the reason his people cant wait for their rights and thats because â€Å"hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill† his â€Å"black brothers and sisters† and that basically most white people torment them any chance they get. In the letter written by the clergyman the y say (like it was something new), that they were now facing demonstrations led by outsiders (King). Religious appeals in King’s latter King wants them to know that he is not really an outsider but the president of The Southern Christian Leadership Conference with an affiliation in Birmingham. He wants to point out that he not only has organizational ties but also was invited to participate in the direct action program in Birmingham in support of desegregation. In the course of the letter, King uses philosophical, religious and historical examples to get his points across. In order to gain control of the reader Martin Luther King Jr. includes vivid images of cruel acts that African Americans in Birmingham endured. Concerning this unsettling time in society King could have described many of the immoral and unjust acts that he encountered on a

Social Media Influences Thoughts And Morality - 1350 Words

Final Essay: Social Media Influences Thoughts and Morality In today’s society you can keep up to date with current information, due to social media. While also keeping in touch with family and friends around the world. Going through their updates, and generating likes. These likes could be the individual’s post about their life events, vacation, or simply just their opinions. It’s these post that are structuring the way we think, as we read their post, and press that like button. Even if we do not agree with their post, we could feel obligated to press like, and then we are influenced. In this paper, I will argue that our thoughts, and morality are highly influenced by social media from adults to even kids. Most of our social media†¦show more content†¦As stated below: â€Å"As the researchers note, these findings have a number of important implications for the spread of ideas, norms, values, and culture. For one, it appears that the spread of ideas depends on the messenger s social-cognitive abilities, affect, and motivations, and less on IQ-type intelligence. None of the stages involved in social influence recruited brain regions typically associated with higher-level abstract reasoning and executive functioning (the frontal-parietal brain network).† (Raphael, 2015). This statement further defends the argument that social media is an influencer to the way people think. Just knowing that the mind needs the ability to be receptive the to the thought. When going onto social media sites from personal experience. I have noticed myself in a vulnerable state of mind. Meaning that my mind has the ability to be easily molded to whatever, I may stumble upon. Making myself have that receptive ability to accept the thoughts of others, and accept t hem as my own. Some of the most successful in influencing their opinion, were the ones that had â€Å"the salesman effect†. This effect was able to persuade others to believe what they believe in, and disregard their own personal opinions. The part of the brain the demonstrated â€Å"the salesman effect† was the Bilateral TPJ (Kaufman, 2013). Makes sense, especially since this area of the brain has studied to be possess the ability to stimulateShow MoreRelatedMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment and the Social Learning theory. It will also cover key theorists and their perspectives moving on to different kinds of development followed by an evaluation of the chosen theories and the studies that surround their validity. The final segment will be of the nature nurture aspect. Moral development is essentially the ability to distinguish right from wrong actions and good from bad behaviour. 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Information Security Threats in Australia

Question: Describe about the Information Security Threats in Australia. Answer: Virus A computer virus is a type of program written in malicious code, which spread from one host to another host and often replicating itself. It operates in the same way as that of a flu virus. The virus cannot spread unless it is attached to a document or file, especially if it supports macros, to execute its codes. In the process of replicating the virus can often corrupt data or damage critical system files (Zhu, Yang and Ren 2012). The disturbing and devastating things a virus can do are taking over the machine, spamming email contacts, corrupting files, logging keystrokes, and stealing data or passwords. To protect a system and its files from infecting with viruses, an antivirus program such as Avast, Norton, AVG or Kaspersky can be used. Alternatively, Internet Security Suite can be used for those system requiring the need to go online; Different Internet Security suites are Bitdefender Internet Security, Kaspersky Total Security and Avast Premier (Us.norton.com 2016). A new type of virus emerged in 2015 known as the Cryptolocker virus, which hijacked the entire computer or encrypted user's documents and system files and demanded money to unlock them. Australians paid thousands of dollars to hackers residing overseas to get rid of the Cryptolocker virus, which is also dubbed as ransomware. In its current form, the encryption set by the virus is unbreakable (ABC News 2015). Trojan As stated by Abuzneid et al. (2015), a Trojan horse or Trojan is a type of malware that can gain access to a computer system by disguising itself as legitimate software. Usually, hackers and cyber-thieves try to gain backdoor access to the system and steal sensitive data. Trojans often trick the users by some form of social engineering to load into the user's system and then execute malicious codes. Trojans often disrupt the performance of computer networks and computers. Trojans can copy, modify, block or delete data. Trojans do not replicate themselves, unlike viruses. There are various types of Trojans including Trojan-SMS, Trojan-Ransom, Trojan-IM, Trojan-GameThief, Trojan-FakeAV, Trojan-Dropper, and Trojan-DDoS among others (Usa.kaspersky.com 2016). In February of 2016, a Trojan virus played havoc with the communications networks of the Australian Parliaments building and made it impossible for some operations to be carried out. Soon after the problems began, internet and phone networks were shut down. The MPs of the Parliament were sent a notice that phones and computers were isolated as a precautionary measure after the Trojan virus hit the Parliament's Information Technology. The incident was referred to as first of its kind in recent history (ABC News 2016). Malicious Application Malicious applications or simply malware is a software which harms the information system networks and computer system. They can be in the form of adware, rootkits, spyware, Trojans, viruses or worms. A common application of malware is to add software not approved by the user, delete documents and steal protected data. Spyware monitors internet traffic and track users location, or capture critical information like numbers of credit and debit cards (Niemela and Palomaki 2013). Adware triggers various unwanted pop-ups across the websites the user visit, by acquiring user information from the social network and other websites. Besides using antivirus and internet security suites, malware needs to be installed which will scan and remove the system for any infections found. Hardware firewall found in routers and software firewall provide additional security to the user in blocking these infections (NewsComAu 2016). In March of 2016, a new malware has been released which targets banking apps of major banks of Australia. This software has been social engineered to bypass two-factor authentication and steal credit card numbers and user credentials from infected Android devices. The malware created a fake page within the app which looks similar to the legitimate banking page. After users input their details, the data is then hijacked. National Australia Bank, ANZ, Westpac, and Commonwealth Bank customers are vulnerable to the new malware. The malware infection is easy to spread on Android owing to the open nature of the Android system (Turner 2016). Worms According to Aziz (2013), a computer worm is a computer program which can self-replicate which spreads malicious codes within an operating system. A worm transmits its copy to other devices over the network, creating artificial throttling of the bandwidth and deleting user files and send sensitive data over the internet. It also opens up the possibility of installing backdoors in the system. The way a computer worm is different from a computer virus is that a worm can self-replicate and transmit itself over the network, latches onto a file and exploit vulnerabilities automatically without the intervention of the hacker, which makes it much more dangerous than a virus. The common modes of transmission are visiting infected websites and file sharing networks. To prevent entry of worms, all software installed needs to be updated and patched, and firewall needs to be installed for additional protection (Mishra and Pandey 2014). The first worm is believed to have been programmed by hackers based in Melbourne. Phoenix and Electron are thought to be the two names of the hackers as per federal police reports. It was called WANK, programmed in DIGITAL Command Language and attacked DEC VMS over DECnet in 1989. The affected DECnet network was operated jointly by the Department of Energys High Energy Physics Network (HEPnet) and NASA Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) (Applegate 2015). Keylogger A keylogger, often dubbed as a keystroke logger monitor, is a small application or a hardware device, monitors a system for keystroke input from the keyboard as the user types. A keylogger hardware device is a small battery-operated plug which as a connector and is installed on the system and the user's keyboard (Wang 2014). It is usually unrecognizable at first sight since it looks like a normal keyboard plug, which acts a camouflaging mechanism. The logged keystrokes are then saved in a text file and stored in memory of the device, which has to be physically unplugged to access the information. If it is a software, the keylogger records each keystroke as the user types, and upload the data over the Internet (Tuli and Sahu 2013). An attack dubbed as Megacart, adds Javascript to ecommerce sites and many Australian stores have been affected this way. The ecommerce sites that have been targeted are based on OpenCart, Powerfront CMS, and Magento Commerce. This attack collects sensitive customer data as they manually input into payment forms, and the data that are collected includes cardholder name, card expiry date, credit card number and CVC number (BIT 2016). References ABC News. (2015). Australians forced to pay as ransomware virus Cryptolocker is 'unbreakable', expert says. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-09/australians-paying-thousands-after-ransomware-virus-infection/6683618 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. ABC News. (2016). Cyber security breach hits WA Parliament communications. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-17/cyber-security-breachwa-parliament-knocks-out-communications/7176570 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Abuzneid, A.A., Gudipati, V.K., Kumar, V., Vetwal, A. and Adeniyi, A., 2015. Detection of Trojan horse by Analysis of System Behavior and Data Packets. Applegate, S., 2015. Cyber Conflict: Disruption and Exploitation in the Digital Age. InCurrent and Emerging Trends in Cyber Operations(pp. 19-36). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Aziz, A., Fireeye, Inc., 2013.Systems and methods for computer worm defense. U.S. Patent 8,516,593. BIT. (2016). Australian online stores caught by keylogger attacks. [online] Available at: https://www.bit.com.au/News/438988,australian-online-stores-caught-by-keylogger-attacks.aspx [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Mishra, B.K. and Pandey, S.K., 2014. Dynamic model of worm propagation in computer network.Applied Mathematical Modelling,38(7), pp.2173-2179. NewsComAu. (2016). Malware attacks Aussie mobile banking customers. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/security/sophisticated-malware-detected-that-steals-online-banking-passwords-thwarts-text-authentication/news-story/afa5cf65dfcd350acc069aaf41545e39 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Niemel, J. and Palomki, P., F-Secure Oyj, 2013.Malware detection by application monitoring. U.S. Patent 8,590,045. Tuli, P. and Sahu, P., 2013. System Monitoring and Security Using Keylogger.International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing,2(3), pp.106-111. Turner, A. (2016). Malware hijacks big four Australian banks' apps, steals two-factor SMS codes. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/technology/consumer-security/malware-hijacks-big-four-australian-banks-apps-steals-twofactor-sms-codes-20160309-gnf528.html [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Us.norton.com. (2016). What Is A Computer Virus?. [online] Available at: https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-computer-virus.html [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Usa.kaspersky.com. (2016). What is a Trojan Virus | Malware Protection | Kaspersky Lab US. [online] Available at: https://usa.kaspersky.com/internet-security-center/threats/trojans#.V_m6COB96Hs [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Wang, C.P., 2014.Anti-keylogger computer network system. U.S. Patent 8,726,013. Zhu, Q., Yang, X. and Ren, J., 2012. Modeling and analysis of the spread of computer virus.Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,17(12), pp.5117-5124.

Puritan Beliefs about Witches Essays - Witchcraft, Magic

Puritan Beliefs about Witches Puritan Beliefs about Devils and Witches During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Puritans believed that witches were the servants, sexually or otherwise, to the devil. It was thought that a woman who did not have a husband would be at an increased risk of being seduced by the devil, and ultimately banned in hell. These beliefs played a huge role in the witch hunts by the Puritans and the death of many innocent people. To understand why the Puritans played such a huge role in the discovery and elimination of so many people who were accused of witchery, we must first understand their religious beliefs, their laws, and how they affected the Puritan community. Many years ago, Puritans readily accepted the idea of witches living among them in society because of their complete belief in the written word of the Bible to be accurate and without fault. Through teachings of the Bible, Puritans accepted the principal of original sin. Many of their sermons emphasized the idea that man was born sinful and depraved. Because of this idea, many innocent people would be persecuted. A reference from Exodus 22:18 states that Moses said, Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. This statement validated the Puritan belief of witchery and gave them a sense of duty to hunt them down. Puritans believed that God had power over the universe and everything in nature. If the Puritans performed acts that were believed to be a part of Gods plan, then extreme violence toward witches was just a way of God communicating His will. The Puritans believed that in Gods eyes, there is always a cause and an effect. The effect would always lead to punishment through His word. Where there are witches, there is the devil. Puritans lived their lives under God and the devil was seen as the enemy of God. The soul of a human being is in constant battle between good and evil and those who are not Godly are punished by the devil. The Salem Witch Trials were a perfect example of the innocent people being killed for being witches. Even innocent little girls dancing in the woods was seen as the work of the devil and they were severely punished. This dancing caused hysteria among the people and many were hanged. These Puritans were given the choice of confessing to being witches or to die. Since Puritans believed in God, most Puritans would rather take death than have to admit to being a witch and losing their land and their dignity. They thought that if they died, then it must have been a part of Gods plan for them. Although the Puritans were very religious people and believed in the love of God and his salvation, they also believed that it was God who would punish them for any lack of faith or virtue. Since God had the power of the universe, he gave his power to the devil to use for those who do not follow the right path. For this reason, Puritans feared punishment by the devil but believed that it was God testing their faithfulness and a way to rid them of the weak. Many of these people were women. The Puritans believed that women were weak and vulnerable and easily persuaded by Satan and his evil ways. After all, it was Eve who took that first bite of the apple and, therefore, persuaded by the devil. For this reason, many women were accused of being witches and hanged. These executions took place all over Europe because they feared that the evil would be passed on to innocent people. Many months had gone by and several people were executed after being accused of being witches. The Puritans belief in Gods teaching had not changed, but the people on the jury of many of the accused were having second thoughts about the evidence that had been presented in the court room. It wasnt going to bring anyone back but they were no longer willing to accept spectral evidence. This type of evidence was based merely on visions or dreams. Puritans were later released from prisons and acquitted of all charged. All prisoners were