Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

[Writer Name] [Subject] [Date] Martin Luther king Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Outline 1. Introduction i) Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† ii) Religious appeals in King’s latter iii) Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion Introduction The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in response to â€Å"A Call for Unity†, written by eight white clergymen from Birmingham. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail is a true call for unity, as he clearly states and points out facts that the clergymen have omitted from†¦show more content†¦Blacks are going through a really tough time during this Negro revolution in 1963 and Dr. King accentuates the point by the use of strong diction, which set the tone of the letter. For example, Dr. King elucidates the reason his people cant wait for their rights and thats because â€Å"hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill† his â€Å"black brothers and sisters† and that basically most white people torment them any chance they get. In the letter written by the clergyman the y say (like it was something new), that they were now facing demonstrations led by outsiders (King). Religious appeals in King’s latter King wants them to know that he is not really an outsider but the president of The Southern Christian Leadership Conference with an affiliation in Birmingham. He wants to point out that he not only has organizational ties but also was invited to participate in the direct action program in Birmingham in support of desegregation. In the course of the letter, King uses philosophical, religious and historical examples to get his points across. In order to gain control of the reader Martin Luther King Jr. includes vivid images of cruel acts that African Americans in Birmingham endured. Concerning this unsettling time in society King could have described many of the immoral and unjust acts that he encountered on a

Social Media Influences Thoughts And Morality - 1350 Words

Final Essay: Social Media Influences Thoughts and Morality In today’s society you can keep up to date with current information, due to social media. While also keeping in touch with family and friends around the world. Going through their updates, and generating likes. These likes could be the individual’s post about their life events, vacation, or simply just their opinions. It’s these post that are structuring the way we think, as we read their post, and press that like button. Even if we do not agree with their post, we could feel obligated to press like, and then we are influenced. In this paper, I will argue that our thoughts, and morality are highly influenced by social media from adults to even kids. Most of our social media†¦show more content†¦As stated below: â€Å"As the researchers note, these findings have a number of important implications for the spread of ideas, norms, values, and culture. For one, it appears that the spread of ideas depends on the messenger s social-cognitive abilities, affect, and motivations, and less on IQ-type intelligence. None of the stages involved in social influence recruited brain regions typically associated with higher-level abstract reasoning and executive functioning (the frontal-parietal brain network).† (Raphael, 2015). This statement further defends the argument that social media is an influencer to the way people think. Just knowing that the mind needs the ability to be receptive the to the thought. When going onto social media sites from personal experience. I have noticed myself in a vulnerable state of mind. Meaning that my mind has the ability to be easily molded to whatever, I may stumble upon. Making myself have that receptive ability to accept the thoughts of others, and accept t hem as my own. Some of the most successful in influencing their opinion, were the ones that had â€Å"the salesman effect†. 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Information Security Threats in Australia

Question: Describe about the Information Security Threats in Australia. Answer: Virus A computer virus is a type of program written in malicious code, which spread from one host to another host and often replicating itself. It operates in the same way as that of a flu virus. The virus cannot spread unless it is attached to a document or file, especially if it supports macros, to execute its codes. In the process of replicating the virus can often corrupt data or damage critical system files (Zhu, Yang and Ren 2012). The disturbing and devastating things a virus can do are taking over the machine, spamming email contacts, corrupting files, logging keystrokes, and stealing data or passwords. To protect a system and its files from infecting with viruses, an antivirus program such as Avast, Norton, AVG or Kaspersky can be used. Alternatively, Internet Security Suite can be used for those system requiring the need to go online; Different Internet Security suites are Bitdefender Internet Security, Kaspersky Total Security and Avast Premier (Us.norton.com 2016). A new type of virus emerged in 2015 known as the Cryptolocker virus, which hijacked the entire computer or encrypted user's documents and system files and demanded money to unlock them. Australians paid thousands of dollars to hackers residing overseas to get rid of the Cryptolocker virus, which is also dubbed as ransomware. In its current form, the encryption set by the virus is unbreakable (ABC News 2015). Trojan As stated by Abuzneid et al. (2015), a Trojan horse or Trojan is a type of malware that can gain access to a computer system by disguising itself as legitimate software. Usually, hackers and cyber-thieves try to gain backdoor access to the system and steal sensitive data. Trojans often trick the users by some form of social engineering to load into the user's system and then execute malicious codes. Trojans often disrupt the performance of computer networks and computers. Trojans can copy, modify, block or delete data. Trojans do not replicate themselves, unlike viruses. There are various types of Trojans including Trojan-SMS, Trojan-Ransom, Trojan-IM, Trojan-GameThief, Trojan-FakeAV, Trojan-Dropper, and Trojan-DDoS among others (Usa.kaspersky.com 2016). In February of 2016, a Trojan virus played havoc with the communications networks of the Australian Parliaments building and made it impossible for some operations to be carried out. Soon after the problems began, internet and phone networks were shut down. The MPs of the Parliament were sent a notice that phones and computers were isolated as a precautionary measure after the Trojan virus hit the Parliament's Information Technology. The incident was referred to as first of its kind in recent history (ABC News 2016). Malicious Application Malicious applications or simply malware is a software which harms the information system networks and computer system. They can be in the form of adware, rootkits, spyware, Trojans, viruses or worms. A common application of malware is to add software not approved by the user, delete documents and steal protected data. Spyware monitors internet traffic and track users location, or capture critical information like numbers of credit and debit cards (Niemela and Palomaki 2013). Adware triggers various unwanted pop-ups across the websites the user visit, by acquiring user information from the social network and other websites. Besides using antivirus and internet security suites, malware needs to be installed which will scan and remove the system for any infections found. Hardware firewall found in routers and software firewall provide additional security to the user in blocking these infections (NewsComAu 2016). In March of 2016, a new malware has been released which targets banking apps of major banks of Australia. This software has been social engineered to bypass two-factor authentication and steal credit card numbers and user credentials from infected Android devices. The malware created a fake page within the app which looks similar to the legitimate banking page. After users input their details, the data is then hijacked. National Australia Bank, ANZ, Westpac, and Commonwealth Bank customers are vulnerable to the new malware. The malware infection is easy to spread on Android owing to the open nature of the Android system (Turner 2016). Worms According to Aziz (2013), a computer worm is a computer program which can self-replicate which spreads malicious codes within an operating system. A worm transmits its copy to other devices over the network, creating artificial throttling of the bandwidth and deleting user files and send sensitive data over the internet. It also opens up the possibility of installing backdoors in the system. The way a computer worm is different from a computer virus is that a worm can self-replicate and transmit itself over the network, latches onto a file and exploit vulnerabilities automatically without the intervention of the hacker, which makes it much more dangerous than a virus. The common modes of transmission are visiting infected websites and file sharing networks. To prevent entry of worms, all software installed needs to be updated and patched, and firewall needs to be installed for additional protection (Mishra and Pandey 2014). The first worm is believed to have been programmed by hackers based in Melbourne. Phoenix and Electron are thought to be the two names of the hackers as per federal police reports. It was called WANK, programmed in DIGITAL Command Language and attacked DEC VMS over DECnet in 1989. The affected DECnet network was operated jointly by the Department of Energys High Energy Physics Network (HEPnet) and NASA Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) (Applegate 2015). Keylogger A keylogger, often dubbed as a keystroke logger monitor, is a small application or a hardware device, monitors a system for keystroke input from the keyboard as the user types. A keylogger hardware device is a small battery-operated plug which as a connector and is installed on the system and the user's keyboard (Wang 2014). It is usually unrecognizable at first sight since it looks like a normal keyboard plug, which acts a camouflaging mechanism. The logged keystrokes are then saved in a text file and stored in memory of the device, which has to be physically unplugged to access the information. If it is a software, the keylogger records each keystroke as the user types, and upload the data over the Internet (Tuli and Sahu 2013). An attack dubbed as Megacart, adds Javascript to ecommerce sites and many Australian stores have been affected this way. The ecommerce sites that have been targeted are based on OpenCart, Powerfront CMS, and Magento Commerce. This attack collects sensitive customer data as they manually input into payment forms, and the data that are collected includes cardholder name, card expiry date, credit card number and CVC number (BIT 2016). References ABC News. (2015). Australians forced to pay as ransomware virus Cryptolocker is 'unbreakable', expert says. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-09/australians-paying-thousands-after-ransomware-virus-infection/6683618 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. ABC News. (2016). Cyber security breach hits WA Parliament communications. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-17/cyber-security-breachwa-parliament-knocks-out-communications/7176570 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Abuzneid, A.A., Gudipati, V.K., Kumar, V., Vetwal, A. and Adeniyi, A., 2015. Detection of Trojan horse by Analysis of System Behavior and Data Packets. Applegate, S., 2015. Cyber Conflict: Disruption and Exploitation in the Digital Age. InCurrent and Emerging Trends in Cyber Operations(pp. 19-36). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Aziz, A., Fireeye, Inc., 2013.Systems and methods for computer worm defense. U.S. Patent 8,516,593. BIT. (2016). Australian online stores caught by keylogger attacks. [online] Available at: https://www.bit.com.au/News/438988,australian-online-stores-caught-by-keylogger-attacks.aspx [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Mishra, B.K. and Pandey, S.K., 2014. Dynamic model of worm propagation in computer network.Applied Mathematical Modelling,38(7), pp.2173-2179. NewsComAu. (2016). Malware attacks Aussie mobile banking customers. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/security/sophisticated-malware-detected-that-steals-online-banking-passwords-thwarts-text-authentication/news-story/afa5cf65dfcd350acc069aaf41545e39 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Niemel, J. and Palomki, P., F-Secure Oyj, 2013.Malware detection by application monitoring. U.S. Patent 8,590,045. Tuli, P. and Sahu, P., 2013. System Monitoring and Security Using Keylogger.International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing,2(3), pp.106-111. Turner, A. (2016). Malware hijacks big four Australian banks' apps, steals two-factor SMS codes. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/technology/consumer-security/malware-hijacks-big-four-australian-banks-apps-steals-twofactor-sms-codes-20160309-gnf528.html [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Us.norton.com. (2016). What Is A Computer Virus?. [online] Available at: https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-computer-virus.html [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Usa.kaspersky.com. (2016). What is a Trojan Virus | Malware Protection | Kaspersky Lab US. [online] Available at: https://usa.kaspersky.com/internet-security-center/threats/trojans#.V_m6COB96Hs [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]. Wang, C.P., 2014.Anti-keylogger computer network system. U.S. Patent 8,726,013. Zhu, Q., Yang, X. and Ren, J., 2012. Modeling and analysis of the spread of computer virus.Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,17(12), pp.5117-5124.

Puritan Beliefs about Witches Essays - Witchcraft, Magic

Puritan Beliefs about Witches Puritan Beliefs about Devils and Witches During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Puritans believed that witches were the servants, sexually or otherwise, to the devil. It was thought that a woman who did not have a husband would be at an increased risk of being seduced by the devil, and ultimately banned in hell. These beliefs played a huge role in the witch hunts by the Puritans and the death of many innocent people. To understand why the Puritans played such a huge role in the discovery and elimination of so many people who were accused of witchery, we must first understand their religious beliefs, their laws, and how they affected the Puritan community. Many years ago, Puritans readily accepted the idea of witches living among them in society because of their complete belief in the written word of the Bible to be accurate and without fault. Through teachings of the Bible, Puritans accepted the principal of original sin. Many of their sermons emphasized the idea that man was born sinful and depraved. Because of this idea, many innocent people would be persecuted. A reference from Exodus 22:18 states that Moses said, Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. This statement validated the Puritan belief of witchery and gave them a sense of duty to hunt them down. Puritans believed that God had power over the universe and everything in nature. If the Puritans performed acts that were believed to be a part of Gods plan, then extreme violence toward witches was just a way of God communicating His will. The Puritans believed that in Gods eyes, there is always a cause and an effect. The effect would always lead to punishment through His word. Where there are witches, there is the devil. Puritans lived their lives under God and the devil was seen as the enemy of God. The soul of a human being is in constant battle between good and evil and those who are not Godly are punished by the devil. The Salem Witch Trials were a perfect example of the innocent people being killed for being witches. Even innocent little girls dancing in the woods was seen as the work of the devil and they were severely punished. This dancing caused hysteria among the people and many were hanged. These Puritans were given the choice of confessing to being witches or to die. Since Puritans believed in God, most Puritans would rather take death than have to admit to being a witch and losing their land and their dignity. They thought that if they died, then it must have been a part of Gods plan for them. Although the Puritans were very religious people and believed in the love of God and his salvation, they also believed that it was God who would punish them for any lack of faith or virtue. Since God had the power of the universe, he gave his power to the devil to use for those who do not follow the right path. For this reason, Puritans feared punishment by the devil but believed that it was God testing their faithfulness and a way to rid them of the weak. Many of these people were women. The Puritans believed that women were weak and vulnerable and easily persuaded by Satan and his evil ways. After all, it was Eve who took that first bite of the apple and, therefore, persuaded by the devil. For this reason, many women were accused of being witches and hanged. These executions took place all over Europe because they feared that the evil would be passed on to innocent people. Many months had gone by and several people were executed after being accused of being witches. The Puritans belief in Gods teaching had not changed, but the people on the jury of many of the accused were having second thoughts about the evidence that had been presented in the court room. It wasnt going to bring anyone back but they were no longer willing to accept spectral evidence. This type of evidence was based merely on visions or dreams. Puritans were later released from prisons and acquitted of all charged. All prisoners were

How to Write a Dissertation Proposal

How to Write a Dissertation Proposal How to Write a Dissertation Proposal Several guidelines are provided to enable an individual to write an excellent dissertation proposal. Here they are for your attention. They should be well detailed regarding the research topic. Current research shows that to be able to write a good dissertation proposal, students have to be well conversant with the topic at hand. This means that they need to gain a lot of information on the subject matter by reading several materials and books on the topic, know current findings on the topic and be able to access various literary sources. They should be able to go outside the area of study. This mainly means that they will be able to research from related topics and as a result, the research work presented will be unique, thus outdoing previous research on the subject matter. The issue of going outside the given area of study is an advantage in that it is a good source of new ideas for a given area of study. They have to be attentive. The issue of attention is a very powerful tool, especially, in the practical application of knowledge gained. In addition, it helps individuals to know the various methods, as well as the procedures, used in a given analysis. This then becomes a great source of information for the broad topic of study. They should know how to cite papers. For instance, an individual who knows the list of authors who wrote a particular article would give a great referenced dissertation proposal paper. In addition, having a good knowledge in the area of text citations would result to a great dissertation proposal. They should be creative. When a researcher is able to refer to research papers that were written previously and come up with new ideas, the outcome document becomes of greater value in comparison to earlier documents. Below is the suggested format that should be used in the writing of a dissertation proposal: A clear formulation of the research question at hand. Justifying the Research Project. Writing a literature review. Compiling conceptual and theoretical research work. Stating the research methodology. Giving a detailed research plan that indicates how the various research stages will be carried out. Budget and Time factor. References together with appendices. Do always remember that, in case you fail to compose a dissertation proposal on your own and the deadline is due in a very short period of time, you can always contact the custom writing agency for help. Proficient writers will rescue you if you are in need and you will get a carefully composed paper within the time you had indicated to them. Do you still need dissertation proposal help online? You can hire our PhD writers who will write a custom proposal for your dissertation. Try our writing service now!

Biography of Josiah Wedgwood

Biography of Josiah Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood (ca July 12, 1730–January 3, 1795) was Englands foremost pottery manufacturer and a mass producer of quality ceramics exported around the globe. A member of his familys fourth generation of potters, Wedgwood started his own independent firm and became the Royal Potter for Queen Charlotte, the consort of King George III. Wedgwoods mastery of ceramic technology was matched by the marketing savvy and connections of his partner Thomas Bentley; together they ran the most famous pottery works in the world.   Fast Facts: Josiah Wedgwood Known For: Creator of the famous Wedgwood potteryBorn: July 12, 1730 (baptized), Churchyard, StaffordshireDied: January 3, 1795, Etruria Hall, StaffordshireEducation: Day School at Newcastle-under-Lyme, left at 9 years of ageCeramic Works: Jasper ware, Queens Ware, Wedgwood blueParents:  Thomas Wedgwood and Mary StringerSpouse: Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815)Children: Susannah (1765–1817), John (1766–1844), Richard (1767–1768), Josiah (1769–1843), Thomas (1771–1805), Catherine (1774–1823), Sarah (1776–1856), and Mary Anne (1778–1786).   Early Life Josiah Wedgwood was baptized on July 12, 1730, the youngest of at least eleven children of Mary Stringer (1700–1766) and Thomas Wedgwood (1685–1739). The founding potter in the family was also called Thomas Wedgwood (1617–1679), who established a successful pottery works around 1657 at Churchyard, Staffordshire, where his great-great-grandchild Josiah was born.   Josiah Wedgwood had little formal education. He was nine years old when his father died, and he was taken from school and sent to work in the pottery for his eldest brother, (another) Thomas Wedgwood (1717–1773). At 11, Josiah had smallpox, which confined him to bed for two years and ended with permanent damage to his right knee. At the age of 14, he was formally apprenticed to his brother Thomas, but because he could not physically work the wheel, at 16 he had to quit.   Wedgwood teacup and saucer in the Waterford Wedgwood flagship store in London, England. The teacup features the white and blue jasper ware ceramic which is synonymous with the brand. Oli Scarff / Getty Images News Early Career At the age of 19, Josiah Wedgwood proposed that he be taken into his brothers business as a partner, but he was rejected. After a two-year position with the pottery firm of Harrison and Alders, in 1753, Wedgwood was offered a partnership with the Staffordshire firm of potter Thomas Whieldon; his contract stipulated that he would be able to experiment. Wedgwood stayed at the Whieldon pottery from 1754–1759, and he began experimenting with pastes and glazes. A primary focus was on improving creamware, the first commercial English ceramic invented in 1720 and widely used by the potters of the time.   Creamware was very flexible and could be decorated and over-glazed, but the surface was likely to craze or flake when subjected to temperature changes. It chipped readily, and the lead glazes broke down in combination with food acids, making them a source of food poisoning. Further, the application of the lead glaze was hazardous to the health of the workers in the factory. Wedgwoods version, eventually called queens ware, was slightly yellower, but had a finer texture, greater plasticity, less lead content- and it was lighter and stronger and less prone to break during shipments.   Thomas Bentley Partnership In 1759, Josiah leased Ivy House pottery in Burslem, Staffordshire, from one of his uncles, a factory which he would build and expand several times. In 1762, he built his second works, the Brick-House, alias the Bell Works at Burslem. That same year, he was introduced to Thomas Bentley, which would prove to be a fruitful partnership.   Wedgwood was innovative and had a strong technical understanding of ceramics: but he lacked formal education and social contacts. Bentley had a classical education, and he was socially connected to artists, scientists, merchants, and intellectuals in London and around the world. Best yet, Bentley had been a wholesale merchant in Liverpool for 23 years and had a broad understanding of the current and changing ceramic fashions of the day.  Ã‚   Josiah Wedgwoods Ivy and Etruria works in Staffordshire, England, ca. 1753. Oxford Science Archive / Print Collector / Getty Images Marriage and Family   On January 25, 1764, Wedgwood married his third cousin, Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815) and they eventually had eight children, six of whom survived to adulthood:  Susannah (1765–1817), John (1766–1844), Richard (1767–1768), Josiah (1769–1843), Thomas (1771–1805), Catherine (1774–1823), Sarah (1776–1856), and Mary Anne (1778–1786).   Two sons, Josiah Jr. and Tom, were sent to school in Edinburgh and then privately tutored, although neither joined the business until Josiah was ready to retire in 1790. Susannah married Robert Darwin, and was the mother of the scientist Charles Darwin; Charles grandfather was scientist Erasmus Darwin, a friend of Josiahs. Ceramic Innovations Together, Wedgwood and Bentley created a huge variety of ceramic objects- Bentley keeping an eye to the demand, and Wedgwood responding with innovation. In addition to hundreds of types of tableware, their Staffordshire Etruria manufacturing facility produced specialty wares for grocers and butchers (weights and measures), dairies (milking pails, strainers, curd pots), sanitary purposes (tiles for indoor bathrooms and sewers all over England), and the home (lamps, baby feeders, food warmers).   Wedgwoods most popular wares were called jasper, an unglazed matte biscuit ware available in solid paste colors: green, lavender, sage, lilac, yellow, black, a pure white, and Wedgwood blue. Bas-relief sculptures were then added to the surface of the solid paste color, creating a cameo-like appearance.  He also developed black basalt, a stoneware in striking deep back colors. The Portland Vase (black and white jasper ware) that Wedgwood considered his finest work inside the Wedgwood Museum, in Stoke-on-Trent. Christopher Furlong / Getty Images The Art Market To answer what Bentley saw as a new demand in London for Etruscan and Greco-Roman art, Wedgwood made cameos, intaglios, plaques, beads, buttons, figurines, candlesticks, ewers, jugs, flower holders, vases, and medallions for furniture all decorated with classic art figures and themes. The canny Bentley recognized that original Greek and Roman nudes were too warm for English and American tastes, and the firm dressed their Greek goddesses in full-length gowns and their heroes in fig leaves.   Penelope and Maidens, Wedgwood plaque, 18th century. Illustration from Story of the British Nation, Volume III, by Walter Hutchinson, (London, c1920s). Hulton Archive / Getty Images The demand for cameo portraits skyrocketed and Wedgwood met it by hiring known artists to make models in wax for use on the production floor. Among them were Italian anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini, Italian artist Vincenzo Pacetti, Scottish gem engraver James Tassie, British designer Lady Elizabeth Templeton, French sculptor Lewis Francis Roubiliac, and English painter George Stubbs.   Wedgwoods two main modelers were British: John Flaxman and William Hackwood. He sent Flaxman to Italy to set up a wax modeling studio between 1787–1794, and Wedgwood also set up a studio in Chelsea where artists in London could work.   George III and Queen Charlotte, modeled by William Hackwood after waxes by Isaac Gosset, 1776-1780, jasper, ormolu frames by Matthew Boulton. Public Domain (on display at Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England) Queens Ware   Arguably, Wedgwood and Bentleys most successful coup was when they sent a gift set of hundreds of his cream-colored tableware to British King George IIIs consort, Queen Charlotte. She named Wedgwood Potter to Her Majesty in 1765; he renamed his cream-colored ware Queens ware.   Five years later, Wedgwood obtained a commission for a several-hundred piece tableware service from the Russian empress Catherine the Great, called the Husk service. It was followed up by the Frog service, a commission for Catherines  La Grenouilliere (frog marsh, Kekerekeksinsky in Russian) palace consisting of 952 pieces decorated with over 1,000 original paintings of the English countryside.   The Life of a Scientist   Wedgwoods classification as a scientist has been debated over the intervening centuries. Largely through his connection to Bentley, Wedgwood did become a member of the famous Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included James Watt, Joseph Priestly, and Erasmus Darwin, and he was elected into the Royal Society in 1783. He contributed papers to the Royal Societys Philosophical Transactions, three on his invention, the pyrometer, and two on ceramic chemistry.   The pyrometer was a tool made first of brass and then high-fired ceramic that allowed Wedgwood to determine the internal heat of a kiln. Wedgwood recognized that the application of heat shrinks clay, and the pyrometer was his attempt to measure that. Unfortunately, he never was able to calibrate the measurements to any scientific scale available at the time, and the subsequent centuries have found that Wedgwood was somewhat incorrect. It is a combination of heat and the length of kiln time that shrinks pottery in a measurable fashion. The showrooms of Wedgwood Byerley in St Jamess Square, London, 1809. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Retirement and Death   Wedgwood was often ill for much of his life; he had smallpox, his right leg was amputated in 1768, and he had trouble with his sight beginning in 1770. After his partner Thomas Bentley died in 1780, Wedgwood turned the management of the shop in London over to a nephew, Thomas Byerly. Nevertheless, he was a vigorous and active director of the Etruria and other manufactories up until his retirement in 1790. He left his company to his sons and retired to his mansion Etruria Hall. In late 1794, he fell ill- possibly with cancer- and died on January 3, 1795, at the age of 64.   Legacy   When Wedgwood began his work, Staffordshire was the home of several important ceramic manufacturers such as Josiah Spode and Thomas Minton. Wedgwood and Bentley made their company the most important of the Staffordshire potteries and arguably the best-known pottery in the western world. Etruria would run as a facility until the 1930s. Wedgwoods company remained independent until 1987, when it merged with Waterford Crystal, then with Royal Doulton. In July 2015, it was acquired by a Finnish consumer goods company. Selected Sources Born, Byron A. Josiah Wedgwoods Queensware. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22.9 (1964): 289–99. Print.Burton, William. Josiah Wedgwood and His Pottery. London: Cassell and Company, 1922.McKendrick, Neil. Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline. The Historical Journal 4.1 (1961): 30–55. Print.-. Josiah Wedgwood and Thomas Bentley: An Inventor-Entrepreneur Partnership in the Industrial Revolution. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14 (1964): 1–33. Print.Meteyard, Eliza. The Life of Josiah Wedgwood: From His Private Correspondence and Family Papers with an Introductory Sketch of the Art of Pottery in England, two volumes. Hurst and Blackett, 1866.Schofield, Robert E. Josiah Wedgwood, Industrial Chemist. Chymia 5 (1959): 180–92. Print.Townsend, Horace. Lady Templetown and Josiah Wedgwood. Art Life 11.4 (1919): 186–92. Print.Wedgwood, Julia. The Personal Life of Josiah Wedgwood, the Potter. London: Macmillan and Company, 1915. Print.

Web technologies.From PHP to Python Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Web technologies.From PHP to Python - Essay Example The distinguishing factor of PHP from client-side languages like JavaScript is that the code is executed on the server. If you were to have a script similar to the above on your server, the client would receive the results of running that script, with no way of determining what the underlying code may be. You can even configure your web server to process all your HTML files with PHP, and then there's really no way that users can tell what you have up your sleeve. (See: http://www.php net/manual/en/introduction.php) The best things in using PHP are that it is extremely simple for a newcomer, but offers many advanced features for a professional programmer. Don't be afraid reading the long list of PHP's features. You can jump in, in a short time, and start writing simple scripts in a few hours.Almost anything. PHP is primarily focused on server-side scripting, so you can do anything a CGI program can do, such as collect form data, generate dynamic page content, or send and receive cooki es. But PHP can do much more.Server-side scripting: This is the most traditional and main target field for PHP. We need three things to make this work. The PHP parser (CGI or server module), a web server and a web browser. We need to run the web server, with a connected PHP installation. We can access the PHP program output with a web browser, viewing the PHP page through the server. All these can run on our home machine if we are just experimenting with PHP programming. Command line scripting: We can make a PHP script to run it without any server or browser. We only need the PHP parser to use it this way. This type of usage is ideal for scripts regularly executed using cron (on *nix or Linux) or Task Scheduler (on Windows). These scripts can also be used for simple text processing tasks. Writing desktop applications: PHP is probably not the very best language to create a desktop application with a graphical user interface, but if we know PHP very well, and would like to use some advanced PHP features in our client-side applications you can also use PHP-GTK to write such programs. You also have the ability to write cross-platform applications this way. PHP-GTK is an extension to PHP, not available in the main distribution. What they use it for practical implementation issues (See: http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatcando.php) PHP can be used on all major operating systems, including Linux, many Unix variants (including HP-UX, Solaris and OpenBSD), Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, RISC OS, and probably others. PHP has also support for most of the web servers today. This includes Apache, Microsoft Internet Information Server, Personal Web Server, Netscape and iPlanet servers, Oreilly Website Pro server, Caudium, Xitami, OmniHTTPd, and many others. For the majority of the servers PHP has a module, for the others supporting the CGI standard, PHP can work as a CGI processor. So with PHP, we have the freedom of choosing an operating system and a web server. Furthermore, we also have the choice of using procedural programming or object oriented programming, or a mixture of them. Although not every standard OOP feature is implemented in PHP 4, many code libraries and large applications (including the PEAR library) are written only using OOP code. PHP 5 fixes the OOP related weaknesses of PHP 4, and introduces a complete object model.